Why are marriage rates declining Essay Example

Why are marriage rates declining Essay Introduction: For my sociology project I am going to look at marriage and find out the different reasons for its downfall over the past few years.My aim is to find out why marriage is declining.The different things I am going to look at are Divorce Rates Cohabitation Changes in womens roles; Decline in religious beliefsDivorce Rates: Divorce rates have increased over the past years. There are many reasons that people may decide to divorce. The different reasons are; Changes in the attitudes towards marriage; Legal changes; High expectations of a marriageDivorce has never been accepted in religion, but recently as it is becoming more and more popular, religious people are accepting it as a fact of life.Cohabitation: Cohabitation is when two people live together, but arent legally married. Many people cohabite as it is a sort of trial for real married life. Most cohabiting couples end up getting married. Some say that marriage is becoming less fashionable and that cohabitation is a goo d alternative.Chester argues that cohabitation is just a phase. Some cohabiting couples also have children, out side a marriage. Up to 30% of births are outside marriage.Before cohabitation was seen as a deviant thing, but as time went on it became more and more socially accepted. Many people say that there are many disadvantages to cohabitation they are: Living together before marriage increases the risk of divorce. One study found an increased risk of 46%. Living together outside marriage increases the risk of domestic violence for women and the risk of physical and sexual abuse for children. One study found that the risk of domestic violence for women in cohabiting relationships was double that in married relationships; the risk is even greater for child abuse. Unmarried couples have lower levels of happiness and well-being than married couples.Young couples prefer to cohabitate because if things dont work out they dont have to seek legal or religious permission to dissolve their union.Changes in womens roles: three quarters of divorces are started by wives, which means that women are becoming more economically independent, and they dont always rely on their spouse, as they are sometimes the breadwinners of the household. Womens expectations from the marriage are also increasing. Goode argues that historically marriage, was not based on love but was for economic support, with lower expectations regarding companionship. Nowadays marriage is expected to provide both economic support and love and care. Parsons said that women look for emotional support from their marriage, which isnt found in the broader society.As women are becoming more successful, getting married could mean the end of their careers. And many women dont want to get into a relationship/marriage if it puts a strain on their careers. Another aspect of marriage that may put women off marriage is that having children is a part of it, and some women just arent ready fro that commitment.Decline in religious beliefs: the influence of religion on people is declining, and many question the purpose of a religious ceremony to tie their marriage, when they have no belief in it. All religions say that marriage is important, many religions emphasis marriage as a key aspect of life. But as religious beliefs are going down so are the marriage rates.I believe that the two reasons that marriage rates are declining are due: Divorce Changes in womens rolesI think that many marriages are ending in divorce; one in two marriages end in divorce. Therefore not many people want to get married any more. Over the years there has been a great increase in the number of divorces. Goode argues that the change in attitudes towards divorce is part of the more general process of secularisation. Secularisation refers to the declining influence of the church and of religious belief. DIVORCE is a legal dissolution of marriage. People who divorced were seen as deviant, as it was against the norms of society, but now it has become accepted. Since 1971, marriages have fallen by one-fifth and divorces have doubled. Divorce rates increased tremendously, after the law was changed, which made it easier to obtain a divorce. The changes in the law lead up to a sudden rise in divorce. In 1969 the law changed again, this meant that a divorce could have been obtained due to Irretrievable breakdown of marriage.In Britain the divorce law has changed very slowly:; 1534- Divorce allowed only by Act of Parliament; 1837-Divorce allowed only on grounds of adultery; 1937-Divorce allowed on the grounds of adultery, desertion, cruelty and insanity; 1969-Divorce allowed on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of marriageThe different reasons suggested why people get divorced are:; They married too young; They married for the sake of the child who was on the way; They fell out of love with their partner (and in love with someone else); They just drifted apart; Mother in law got in the wayMarriage is essent ially a coming together, a sharing, a fighting of problem together, a vital communication between two people- and when this communication breakdown so does the marriage.Although many people blame the law for the increase in divorce rates, people have to remember that the law reflects the publics opinions. Divorce is more common amongst certain social classes than others. There are higher divorce rates in the working and lower -middle class. Statistics say that divorce is more common among young partners.Another reason that marriages are declining is due to the changes in womens roles in society: now that women are becoming more and more independent there is no need for them to get married. Women are becoming increasingly economically dependant. Women start off three-quarters of divorces, which may suggest that they dont rely on their partners for financial support any more.There are many different types of ways to collect information. To find out information for the whole of Britain a sociologist would take a small sample of people who could represent the whole of Britain. A sample of people is to make a general statement for a wide number of people in sampling a small representative group of people are selected from the population.Primary DataPrimary data is information that is done by the researchers. The main way in which sociologists may do this is by: Questionnaires Interviews (formal/informal) ObservationQuestionnairesQuestionnaires are sets of questions, which the sociologists hands out to their sample of people. There are two different types of questions that can either have open or closed answers. Open-ended questions are questions where the person filling out the questionnaire writes down their own answer. Closed-ended questions are where the person ticks the appropriate box.The advantages of questionnaires are that they are fairly quick to do, they can be posted to a wide number of people, and people are more likely to answer any embarrassing questi ons. It is also easier to analyse the questionnaires once they have been filled out.The disadvantages are that they can not be used for complicated issues, the researcher can not be sure who has filled out the questionnaire, they can not be sure whether or not the person has filled out the questionnaire honestly, and many people can not be bothered to give the questionnaire back to the researcher. Most of the questions in my questionnaire are closed ended questions where the respondent can chose from a list of possible answers.InterviewsInterviews can be structured or unstructured.Structured interview- a structured interview is when all the questions you want to ask the person you are interviewing are written down, and you being the interviewer follow the questions. A structured interview is good for simple issues.Unstructured interview- this is when the interviewer, asks questions which then lead onto other topics. This form of interviewing is more like a conversation with the per son. Unstructured interviews are good for in-depth subjects.The advantages of a interview is that they can be used with complex issues, people are more likely to respond to your question.The disadvantages are that the interviewer may influence, the reply the respondent, this is called Interviewer bias.For my research I used structured interviews, this was so that detailed answers could be given.Secondary DataThis is useful information that is gathered by another researcher. This data may come from: Mass Media Official Statistics Historical Documents Expressive documentsMass MediaThis data can be very useful, the researcher does a content analysis on anything that is relevant to their topic. This can be adverts, newspapers, magazines etc.For my research I am going to use questionnaires, I have chosen questionnaires as they can be handed out to a wide number of people and I can get a wide sample. From these questionnaires I can also draw graphs related to my evidence. In my questionna ire I have mainly used closed questions, but I have also added in some open-ended questions, so that the people who fill the out can add in their personal views.Instead of using questionnaires I could have just used interviews, as marriage and divorce are very delicate subjects. I decided to use both, as it is easier for me to analyse the data. From analysing the data I can then draw up graphs to present the information I found out.For my research I am going to use questionnaires and interviews.I decided to use a questionnaire as I can look at a wider sample of people. My sample is 35 people; I gave my questionnaires out to both males and females so that I could get a view of all sexes. I gave my questionnaire out to a wide range of different age groups e.g. teachers, (25-40) and pupils (12-18). I also did 5 interviews with married people and questioned them on their views on divorce and cohabitation. My interview was a structured interview; so that I can the person I interviewed ca n answer the questions that are relevant to my course work, instead of them going to into conversations, which are not relevant to my coursework. With my questionnaire I did a pilot study on a small sample of people, to see if any changes need to take place.After handing out my pilot questionnaire I decided that the following changes needed to be made: The questions needed to be lettered That one of the questions needed to re-worded. From doing a pilot study I could alter my questionnaire making it easier to understand. Some of the problems my questionnaire faced was that not everyone answered all of my questions others did not return the questionnaire.A part from doing questionnaires and interviews I am going to be using magazines and newspapers to find facts about divorce and marriage rates. All of the articles that I find will be secondary data. This data can be useful to find out statistics about divorce rates and marriage as a whole.Data found from a magazine or newspapers can be biased as it may have been written to prove a point to people. The data can also go out of date very quickly making it less reliable.For my interview I am going to ask the following questions to my interviewee. Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? Do you think that cohabitation is better than getting married? And why? What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are?I am going to ask the above questions to married people so that I can get their views on the topic.The first person that I interviewed was my Tony Williams- my next-door neighbour. Age 47. Tony was married for 13 tears, and then he had a divorce. He is now cohabiting with his new partner. Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I think that women enjoy going to work. It is a break from the typical role of the women. I dont really think that women rather get a career than get married. I think that women would like to get married and have a career.; His views on cohabitation were: I think that cohabitation is better than being married, when being married there are many different issues that crop up that you dont really know how to handle. All of these problems have a bad affect on the marriage. There is less stress in this relationship than in a marriage.; What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that divorce rates are increasing as couples rely on each other too much. Another reason is that women dont like to be in relationships were the household chores are not divided equally. It can also be because people change and grow apart.My second interview was with my Dad- Ramesh Age -43; Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I think that women are choosing careers instead of marriage, as before women used to get married so that they could get financial support. But now that women are successful many dont feel the need to get married.; Do you think that cohabitation is better than getting married? And why? I think that cohabitation is not a good as marriage. With a marriage there are many advantages such as the support you get from one another, although cohabitating couples do support one another I feel that within a marriage there is more security; What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that the main reasons for divorce is that when people get married they may not be aware of all of the responsibilities that come along with it. Some people may also change e.g. if someone has been married for 15years their partner may have changed and they end up growing apart. My third interview was with my Aunty Tara Kapadia; Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I think that women are choosing their careers because there are more jobs available to women now. Women re also becoming very successful in the work place. Some women rat her wait until they have a good job and then they get married- which maybe at an older age.; Do you think that cohabitation is better than getting married? And why?I dont think that cohabitation is better than marriage; I think that when couples cohabitate they are giving themselves time to get to know each other. I also think that in the end most cohabiting couples do get married What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that the main reason for increasing divorce rates is that couples arent willing to give it another chance. Because it is easy to get a divorce people see it as a an easy way out.My fourth interview was 28-year-old Hema Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I think that the main reason that women are choosing their careers before their marriage is because they are afraid that they wont be able to go back to work again. They may be scared that when they become mothers that their whole life will change, and if they are successful at work they may feel that the marriage may put a strain on their work life. Do you think that cohabitation is better than getting married? And why? I think that cohabitation is good, as it gives the couple a good chance to find out what their partner is really like. It is a really good taste of married life. What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that one of the main reasons that divorce is increasing is because women have high expectations of the marriage. Also there may be very little equality within the marriage.My fifth interview was with Dr Hamid Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I dont think that women are choosing their careers before their marriage. I think that all women fell it is important to have both a career and a family. A career wont fully satisfies a person, it is important that they also have a good family life Do you think that cohabitati on is better than getting married? And why? I dont think that marriage is better than getting married. I think that people that cohabitate are just going through a phase. I think that cohabitating couples want to have children that is important that they get married What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that one of the main reasons for divorce is a lack of communication. People dont say whats on their mind and so arguments are more likely to occur.From these interviews most of the people felt that cohabitation was just a temporary phase. Many of the women that I interviewed said that both a career and marriage is important. Although more women feel that it is better that they get married after they have a good stable job. In these interviews many different reasons were given for the rise in divorce rates. I think that the main reason the interviewees felt was for the rise in divorce was the lack of communication and that couples dont discuss an y problems they may have. Most of the reasons given for the increase in divorce rates were reasons that were proven correct by many sociologists.I think that the interviews went well, although I should have done interviews with an equal amount of women and men-, which means that some of the data I collected, could be biased in some way, as I interviewed 3 women and 2 men.Compared to questionnaires interviews are a lot better, they allow the researcher to get in-depth answers to questions. Whereas questionnaires, are mainly yes or no answers and are fairly simple to answer.Over my questionnaire went well. Although I did not get all of my questionnaires back, there was still enough information to draw a conclusion from.Most of the people I handed the questionnaire out to, understood the questions and answered them in a sensible way.From my results I can say that one of the main reasons for the increase in divorce rates is that Divorce is becoming easier legally 43%. Another reason tha t people thought is the cause is that people have high expectations of a marriage 30%.For next question 39% said that cohabitation is more popular than marriage.Also 36% said that most cohabiting couples get married.26% said that successful women are less likely to get married.I also noticed that for the question * instead of marriage couples cohabitate, why do you think this is? Most people said that many people feel that they dont need to get married to prove their love. Others said that people dont like to rush into things and prefer to take things slowly.I also noticed that in a few of my questions half of my sample agreed with the point and half disagreed. The three questions in which this happened was why do you think divorce rates are increasing? People are getting married at a young age? Should cohabiting couples have children? And finally in do you think that only religious people get married? I think that this shows that people werent entirely sure on their views on this point.Although these results arent that accurate as they are just views of a small sample of people, they do prove my hypothesis to be correct.MARRIAGE CAN WAIT- DAILY MAIL 20/07/01This article proves many of the sociologists reasons for the decrease in marriage correct. It also mentions that cohabitation is more popular than marriage. Being a newspaper article some of the data being used could have gone out of date quickly, and the information given could be biased as the newspaper could be writing the article to prove a point.Newspapers are a good source to use for the basic statistics; they give figures and facts to prove their point.IS MARRIAGE OUT OF DATE? SOCIAL TRENDS 25In the article that I found in a book, it states some of the reasons to why people dont want to get married at a young age anymore. E.g. it is out of date also in one of the tables it says that from 1971 to 1989 cohabitation rose from 7% to 48% this data found is extremely out of date which means that it is not reliable.Sociologists have found these things to be true. Chester said that cohabitation is becoming more popular but it is only a temporary phase. The articles that I found were fairly interesting and they do prove most of my hypothesis correct.I also found out that divorce is not the only reason that marriage rates are falling it is also due to peoples attitudes about marriage.WHY WERE NOT GETTING MARRIED ANY MOREE.g. in one of the articles that I found it said that they dont need a piece of paper to declare their love. The divorce rates do discourage people from getting married. In the article Why were not getting married any more it says that marriage doesnt keep people together look at the divorce rate in the newspaper article marriage can wait daily mail it also says that women are putting their careers before marriage- which is another reason sociologists give for the decrease of marriage rates. This article also proves that the changing role of the women has an affect on marriage rates. It also states that women are getting married but at a later age.To gain information on marriage and divorce rates I have also used Official statistics, this is information, which is produced by the government. Secondary data is not that important to sociologists but they use it to prove their theory right, or they use to secondary source of information and prove it to be wrong by doing their own research.From doing this piece of research on marriage and the different reasons that marriage rates are going down I conclude that, although marriage rates are going down cohabitation is becoming more popular. I can also conclude that some women do put their careers before their marriage-, which means that they are just getting married at an older age compared to a few years ago.Cohabitating is now seen as a good alternative to married life. Many people now prefer to cohabitate as they see it as a stress free relationship. Many people dont see the point in getting marri ed, after looking at the divorce rates in Briton they dont see the point in getting married any more if 1 in 10 marriages end in divorce. As through the law has become easier the number of divorces has dramatically increased. People can get divorced on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown on the marriage.Over the years womens roles have also changed and they are now just as successful as men. Women have become very successful in the work place meaning that many women are getting married at an older age. Many women dont want to get married, as they may become pregnant and then they may have to quit their jobs to look after the children.After giving out my questionnaire I came to the conclusion that religion has very little to do with marriage.In my hypothesis I stated that the main reasons that marriage rates are declining are Divorce Changes in womens rolesI think that after doing my questionnaire and interviews many people thought that these where the main causes of declining mar riage rates. Another reason that people thought affected marriage rates was cohabitation, people felt that more people were cohabiting than actually getting married as they felt cohabitation suited their life style more than marriage.After doing some research I came to the conclusion that marriage rates arent going down its just that people are waiting longer to get married compared to 10 years ago. I think that nowadays women like to have a good stable career before they get married. Robert Chester argues Mainly we seem to be witnessing a delay in the timing of marriage.Chester also says most people that cohabit get married eventually this statement was proven correct in my results were 36% said that most cohabiting couples do get married in the end. After doing some research I feel that religion has very little to do with marriage rates and divorce rates. Even though in my questionnaire 37% said that most people that divorce are non-religious.After doing my questionnaire I realise d that different people have different vies on marriage, divorce and cohabitation. I also think that although religion has an indirect affect on a persons view of things like marriage and divorce- it doesnt have a direct influence on their views.After doing all of my primary and secondary research I feel that my hypothesis has been proven correct.As a whole I feel that my course work went fairly well. Although some of the questionnaires werent returned, there was still a high response rate.I also think that my secondary research went well, there was a lot on marriage, divorce and cohabitation in sociological books and on the Internet. I also found some of my information from newspapers. With my interviews I would have liked to do an equal number of interviews with males and females, I could have also interviewed people from different ethnic backgrounds. But with the time I had available five interviews was all that I could have done. But I feel that the interviews that I did do went excellently.If I had more time I think that I would expand my research- I could do marriage rates within different ethnicities, or I could have done the divorce rates of different ethnic people.I think that by doing a pilot study questionnaire really helped as I could improve it. After doing the pilot study I changed my questionnaire so that I was more understandable. One of the changes that I made was that I numbered and lettered my questions, making it easier to fill out.

Pasadena High Essay

Pasadena High Essay Pasadena High Essay Human life cannot be measured by how long one lives or the quality of life one led. Humanities legacy is assessed by ones moral, cultural, and spiritual beliefs. To the study of cultures society can investigate the myriad ways of being brought into Essence by human mind. By examining endangered cultures, society is able to observe individual belief, progress, corruption, political dominance, and even the effects of global globalization. In the end society is trying to gauge the morals of working towards the greater good dinner and that is done through answering the old question, what is one life worth? Now the debate at hand is what is one life worth? To truly understand this question every human needs to look at their own beliefs and determine if man was born with natural born rights. Instead of working towards an unbiased humanity where cultural diversity is present, humanity should be working towards progressing in the field of cultural tolerance. The way this can be accomplished is through education. Teaching humans the ways of others demonstrates similarities of mankind which humanity as a whole tends to overlook. As humans we all share the same cognitive abilities so it is no surprise that we all dance, sing, and express ourselves. It is the rhythm of the dance, and the tune of the song that set cultures apart. Until people learn that there is absolutely no right way of living there will always be corruption. But through universal education, humans can

Foundations of a common European home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Considering the international law and practice on treaties, answer the Essay

Considering the international law and practice on treaties, answer the following question - Essay Example According to International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, migrant workers and their family members are free to depart any nation including their home nation. The aforesaid right is not subject to any restrictions otherwise in certain instances such as in the case of national security, public health and other justifiable grounds. The article 9 of the convention also affirms the right of migrant workers and their families to be protected by law and further the article 10 of the convention makes it apparent that no migrants and their families shall be subject to torture or treated inhumanly or cruelly. In addition to this, the article 11 of the convention also advocates that no migrants or their family members can be held on slavery. Moreover, the article 11 of the convention also puts restriction on performing forced and compulsory works by migrants and their family members (United Nations, 2008). Furthermore, the convention firmly states that family members of the migrant shall be treated with humanity and dignity (International Organisation for Migration, 2008). However, abiding by the obligation of article 11 of the convention, Acastus does not make it compulsory for migrant workers to work for 1000 hours for community services. In this context, it can be viewed that Acastus does not directly compel migrant workers to work 1000 hours but non-compliance shall result in non-renewal of leaves which shall ultimately force them to work 1000 hours for community service or leave Acastus. Thus, Acastus has adopted a policy that would not violate the obligations of the convention while on the other side it would make migrant workers to work for 1000 hours without violating obligations of the convention. As a consequences of the anti-immigration law enforced by Acastus, its neighbouring country Radius also adopted similar statute relating

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Expansion of Aritizia Boutique - Research Paper Example With a population of over 800000 people, Indianapolis is the largest of the three cities. Colorado Springs follows second and last is Ann Arbor. The economic indicators of the three cities are also good. All have a higher employment rates. The city with the highest employment rates is Ann Arbor. Competition is a major challenge in the three cities. All the three cities have well established Boutiques in the market with the leading in competition being Indianapolis. Colorado Springs also has a number of boutiques, which has been in the market for a very long time. Climate however is on the side of Colorado Springs. With over 300 days of sunshine, Colorado Springs remains the best place to sell light clothes. Comparing all the above factors, Colorado Springs is the best city to expand the Aritizia products.   This research involves looking at the various cities that the expansion is to occur and identifying the various aspects of the city that will make it the best option for expansi on. After all the data is collected, analysis takes place to come up with the best city among the various options. In this paper, analysis of three cities occurs to know which among them, suits the best option for expansion of Aritizia boutique. The three cities are; Indianapolis, in Indiana, Ann Arbor, of Michigan and Colorado springs of Colorado. The main sources of information used in this paper come from various books about the small American cities, the internet and various newspapers. Analysis of the population trend of each city, its overall economic group in the past decade comes about to show the best city among the three cities listed.  Ã‚  

Causes And Effects Of Brain Drain In Economics

Causes And Effects Of Brain Drain In Economics Introduction: According to a definition, Brain Drain, academically also known as the human capital flight is the large scale migration of highly educated, skilled and talented people of less economically advanced countries to highly rich and developed countries of the world due to conflicted issues, political instability and lack of opportunities in the developing countries. Globally, relocation of intellectuals is as old as mankind. This terminology of Brain Drain originated in 1960, when most of the intellectuals like scientists and engineers who were the real assets or the future of any country, emigrated from United Kingdom to America. The unsolved issue of Brain Drain is happening all over the world for the sake of better working conditions including, the island nations of the Caribbean, the anterior colonies of Africa and mostly in federal economies like the Soviet Union previous Eastern Germany, where aptitudes were not monetarily salaried. This phenomena was not as severe till 1960s but with the huge capacity lopsidedly migrate to West Germany and North America from less developed regions. Substantial exoduses of skilled people were apparent at altered epochs of the economic growth of the countries of Europe and North America. However, with the progress in science and technological fields, only the intellectuals and highly qualified brains was of extraordinary mandate in highly developed countries. With the deficit in the core stream, the developed countries had to be dependent on the LDCs. Professionals migrated from developing countries to three Developing countries (USA, Canada and United Kingdom) in 1960s and by 1970s, the figure had mounted. If one were to investigate statistics of all Developed Countries, the records would be alarming. This drift has continued in Africa and loss of huge qualified manpower is happen immigrations to Europe and North America annually. The questions that is arise in the social, political, economic, academic and probably in every sector of developing world. According to question the phenomena happened there are countless questions, bu t I want to explain the main attractions towards the developed world and why do talented and outstanding brains leave their countries? What are the costs of such migrations paid by developing countries? What policies can be implemented to stem such movements from LDCs to DCs? The goal of this paper is to highlight the unsolved, conflicted issue of Brain Drain and the Scientific Diaspora and the cause and effect relationship in the global knowledge based societies and also to address the cancerous disease directing the developing countries to failure. I will highlight some major questions, giving some suggestions which help to make policies to fade the disparities and the exploitation of skilled and semi-skilled labour in the developed world who themselves benefited to create the legislative crime of Brain drain and to hijack the rights of Cos in the shape of Scientific diaspora communities. How and when Brain Drain happens and intensifies Since the beginning of 1960s, the phenomena of brain drain became a highlighted and critical issue. With the neo-liberal economy and the tsunami wave of globalization has given a golden chance to the opportunists and played a vital role towards better and quality life including all accessories in every sphere of life. Globalization has opened a window for the human capital to agglomerate and mobilize where the brain extract and yet best recognized and rewarded in the highly economically strong and advanced countries. To oppose the nation-state ideology by the global village, selective immigration policies in several OECD countries has gradually introduced, strengthened and became a selection centers to sort out the best minds to develop the innovative way of thoughts and utilization for the betterment of developed world, i.e. very alarming for LDCs. as human capital of a nation being the assets planned to be theft through legislative terms and conditions. The cost being paid by the LDCs left back in the race of progress and development. Aftermath of colonialism, such types of drains has happened between the LDCs and DCs. Australia and Canada in 1980s has emerged the international competition in all over the world to attract the highly skilled, and educated brains to catalyze the attraction and boost the greed of inferiority complex of developing areas to realize the complex of have not and to advertise the opportunities secured, healthy and peaceful societies like heaven at earth. The age of discovery, progress and the indicators of globalization, increased rate of import and export in the neo-liberal economy has multiplied during the last three decades. The result of the huge migration, rates to be much higher for great intellectuals. United Nation has supervised and produced countless research to find out the total capacity of brain drain in every region of the world including Sub Saharan countries, New Zealand, even the extraction from the semi-peripheral countries to the peripheral countries. Scientific Diaspora has been represented by the highly intellectuals enormous potential like the IT professionals, Engineers, Physicians Scientists, and the human capital flight of new post graduate students. Unfortunately the COs (country of origin) has been losing the patriotic , ethical , moral emotions because they are suffering with the pragmatic materialist thought and the lust of opportunities darken the future of developing world. To fulfil the interest of economically advanced countries and global knowledge based societies are struggling for the human capital. It is as natural as the nature of human being and as powerful as constructed politically to keep the self-interest. There is a lack of policy making in the academic world and on the governmental level in the developing world. Some main types of Brain drain are Brain Gain, Brain circulation, Brain waste etc. Causes of Increased Brain Drain in developing countries There are many factors which cause brain drain from the less developing countries to the highly developed countries. The regional, national and global flow of migrates are increasing every second. There are two main factors due to which people move from one place to another place. There are some major routes of human migration before 1950s but highlighted in 60s. The reasons can be different region to region; i.e. satisfactory facilities of goods and services, the reconnection of diverse cultural groups, in the time of conflict and war, political instability, health risks and the lack of opportunities. The mobility of intellectuals and skilled personnel or emigrants from the country of origin referred to as the PUSH FACTORS of their capital flight. And there are many parallel and inverse reasons for the immigrants called PULL FACTORS to attract towards host countries. Theoretical framework Brain drain is studied under the theoretical frame of migration theories under the two main factors as discussed below: Push factors: There are certain push factors causing brain drain, to leave the less developed country to developed countries as listed below: Substandard living conditions, dearth of conveyance, accommodation Under-utilization of skilled and semi- skilled personnel; lack of adequate working conditions; low panorama of specialized development Low and corroding wages Discrimination in recruitments and promotions Social unrest, Political instability, conflicts and wars Lack of research facilities, including support staff; meagreness of research funds, lack of professional apparatus and tools Lack of freedom and autonomy Deteriorating excellence of educational system, Why Academic intellectuals leave their Country of Origin: Challenging socio-economic conditions (poverty, unemployment, epidemics diseases, increased rate of crime, corruption, etc.) Poor libraries, ICT apparatus for research Lack of autonomy academic freedom to create literature at universities Political instability and harassment, human rights manipulations, wars Lack of pure democracy Deprived payments for intellectuals and skilled personnel Lack of self-determination and social equivalence Lack of quality education for children Lack of career opportunities Lack of entrepreneurial investments Why Students go abroad: Poor worth of national education from the Montessori level to post graduation level Unavailability of scholarships or financial assistance for the brilliant Miserable infrastructure of schools, colleges and universities Limited opportunities for higher studies students As a decided step towards emigration, they suffered with inferiority complex, due to all the above reasons and many more pushing factors resulted to leave their point of origin. Why Students Do Not Return: Limited employment opportunities restrict to come back in the homeland especially at PhD level, Course or research work not relevant to home countrys state of affairs convenience of grants for further exploration living conditions, insufficient earning and job satisfaction in developed world Need to send money home and support the family Getting married to a host countrys citizen to get the citizenship Although, they suffered with many crisis as alienated in the host country including the identity crisis, diaspora and make up their own imagined communities to prevent themselves with the socio-political and religious disparities. Pull Factors Similarly, numerous attractive pull factors at the destination states permitting the brain drain to occur at a higher leap: Sophisticated standard of living Employment opportunity greater income and Higher wages Extensive resources for research, unconventional and advanced technology, modern facilities of laboratory equipment; availability of experienced support workforce Healthier working conditions; employment and occupation opportunities with the proficient development Modern educational schemes; prestige of foreign training Political stability foreigner secured policies Meritocracy, transparency Scholarly Intellectual autonomy Appreciation rewards on governmental level Effects of Brain Drain in Developing Countries Aftermaths of Brain Drain in Exaggerated Regions of the globalized world: Negative effects: The phenomena of brain drain has left harmful effects in the region of poor countries like Africa, because of their great hope, talents and skills have immigrated to the richer countries. As seen pragmatically, develop and rich countries become richer and more developed and poor and developing countries become poorest and failure states. Consequently, some of the outcomes have produced the poorer rates of growth and development, highly unstable politically some are in the condition of cold war like Pakistan ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦..fewer productive educational funds, and worse health care system and Loss of potential modernizers who might have paved the way to rejuvenation and up gradation through their advanced and creative abilities. Doctors, Engineers, scientists students leave for the industrialized world Africa loses the best brains it needs for its trade and industrial development African recruitment of thousands of expatriates from the industrialized West at a cost of billions every year increased deterioration of higher schooling Universities have to be close, extension of higher education not possible Poor people seriously affected by the epidemic, infectious diseases Universities unable to run and achieving Development Goals In the global knowledge economy, Africa becoming sidelined Due to the pitiable environment, Lack of skilled people. Crumbling poor middle class political instability religious persecution Corruption of income tax equal to less basic goods and services Economic instability leads to increased rate of unemployment and inflation Lack of industrial growth innovation. Positive Effects The brain drain may cause numerous positive effects for source countries. It is well documented that remittances of employees played a significant support to GNP of a country and are a viable spring of income in several developing countries. Remittances and transmittals intrude on family decisions in terms of professional choice, labor supply, education, investment migration, and fertility, with hypothetically essential aggregated special effects. Especially in the case of poor countries, where market inadequacies available to members of low-income classes reduce the set of possibilities. Brain Circulation equalizes Brain Drain Transnational corporation and increase in Foreign Direct Investment When possibility of migration is real. level of education in sending countries rises Amalgamation in global economies Incentives, law and policy making The irony of international migration today is that many of the people who migrate legally from poor to richer lands are the very ones that Third World countries can least afford to lose: the highly educated and skilled. Since the great majority of these migrants move on a permanent basis, this perverse brain drain not only represents a loss of valuable human resources but could prove to be a serious constraint on the future economic progress of Third World nations (Todaro, 7th Edition, 2001). Convention signed by the organization of economic corporation and development (OECD) among twenty countries in 1960s create a keen competition among all member countries to fascinate human possessions, they lack and to preserve those who might emigrate. Various countries edited their legislation and step forward for numerous amendments to legalize the foreigner qualified brains and somehow to cheap their labour in the developed world. The policy or the legislation to work allowed but not giving them the full work visas compelling to do illegal work on cheap labour benefited the state capital and a legal system of exploitation is running to pressurize the foreign labour to do work illegally for their survival in the most metropolitan areas of the world Most countries announced more flexibility in labour migration policies, while some propelled the definite recruitment packages to meet labour dearth. In France, UK, Denmark and some other countries, labour visas criteria has been tranquil including skilled, qualified people in the profession of bio-medicine, education and health care type of main occupations. Various types of labour visas and quota in different countries of the developed world are much confine with the immigration policies for the highly qualified and skilled like Scholarships, grants, loans etc. in the last decade, brain drain of human capital has increased forty percent in Japan and more than ten percent in Korea. New Zealand, Canada and Australia are the main flexible host countries laws making, and legislative attraction and relaxation to get the more and more brain gain, drain and circulation from the developing countries. The drastic ratio of emigration has been increased in every figure of peripheral countries under the legislative authority. Conclusion Recommendations for the developing countries: How the future of developing countries can preserve and what should be the recommendation? Establish recorded database of skilled, intellectual, students and specialists on the time of departure from LDCs. Reformation of the national education system and the infrastructure of schools, colleges and universities. High budget allocated for the higher education and use of funds purely for the education projects. Sufficient facilities for research projects in universities and establish the research cells. Encourage the distant learning and education for all. Pure democracy, encourage human rights and enforce the legislation, strictly keep an eye on the law and order situation to stable and regulate the factors like corruption, crime etc. On governmental level, the allocation of budgets to the science and technology organizations and from the health sector to control the infectious diseases. Introduce new policies and laws to reduce the conflict and war at the national and international level. Role of government should be the key role to avoid the issue of human capital flight. Government should spend heavy fund for the infrastructure, avoid load shedding like issues and provide the demanded power supply and drinking water and the efficient communication. Facilitate the education system through training, research, and education Government should advertised job opportunities on merit provide specific allowance and salary for the scientists, engineers, doctors and highly intellectuals State should reduce the rooted conflict to maintain peace Democratic governance is the best solution for the cancerous problem of brain drain. Engage the LDCs best organizations with DCs and encourage the collective training and work with DCs as partners If west needs some research they should request on the governmental level for research How western countries can help to reduce brain drain? Ensure through incentives and immigration policies, intellectual return back to their resource countries discourage labor recruitment through academics and qualified personals Discourage full time attendance for the foreigner graduate students Consideration of joint degrees with developing world universities Encourage riven PHDs instead of 100% attendance Support university association to progress LDCs (curriculum, quality and methodology of research) Collaboration through appropriate university association for e.g. (HEC, AAU, ACU, AUF IAN)

Wealth :: essays research papers

Wealth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Gospel of Wealth† written by Andrew Carnegie discusses the post Civil War industrial expansion era, a time that produced immense wealth for many business tycoons. Andrew Carnegia, an elite industrialist, created a very large wealth for himself during this time. Some of the elite industrialists tried to change their â€Å"robber baron image by curbing their often ostentatious lifestyles and seeking opportunities to enhance the community.† Andrew for one, decided that it was imperative for wealthy individuals to disperse their wealth throughout the society for the advancement of the community. In his article he believes that the conditions of society have revolutionized over the past hundred years, and it was inevitable that some individuals would become quite prosperous. He believes that the change that has occurred, should not be looked down upon but should be welcomed, because then their can be great things. Furthermore, Andrew Carnegie ma de a list of duties for men with wealth to abide by. He suggested that the wealthy should set of example of modesty, by shunning the display of extravagance, and should live unostentatiously. Carnegie believed that the rich man should become a trustee for the poorer man, either giving insight, superior wisdom, or through experiences. Carnegie believes that the rich man should be restricted to the examples of Peter Cooper, Enoch Pratt of both Baltimore and Brooklyn, who have improved the community and have created things such as parks for everyone to enjoy. He concludes, that a wealthy man who dies rich, will be unwept, and unhonored, while being disgraced. Thus, one should be a philanthropist and give back to the community. I truly feel that Andrew Carnegie article is filled with great principles. I think it is great when you see wealthy individuals giving back to the community. Although, I find it almost ironic and contradictory that after having written this that he lived in such an extravagant mansion. Nevertheless, I think his house is beautiful and it is great that he gave so much back to the community, like libraries, a university, and recreational places. A good friend of mine from school back in Miami had a very affluent grandfather who owned the distributing rights to numerous popular beverage companies. He passed away this month and had over 2,000 people at his funeral. Wealth :: essays research papers Wealth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Gospel of Wealth† written by Andrew Carnegie discusses the post Civil War industrial expansion era, a time that produced immense wealth for many business tycoons. Andrew Carnegia, an elite industrialist, created a very large wealth for himself during this time. Some of the elite industrialists tried to change their â€Å"robber baron image by curbing their often ostentatious lifestyles and seeking opportunities to enhance the community.† Andrew for one, decided that it was imperative for wealthy individuals to disperse their wealth throughout the society for the advancement of the community. In his article he believes that the conditions of society have revolutionized over the past hundred years, and it was inevitable that some individuals would become quite prosperous. He believes that the change that has occurred, should not be looked down upon but should be welcomed, because then their can be great things. Furthermore, Andrew Carnegie ma de a list of duties for men with wealth to abide by. He suggested that the wealthy should set of example of modesty, by shunning the display of extravagance, and should live unostentatiously. Carnegie believed that the rich man should become a trustee for the poorer man, either giving insight, superior wisdom, or through experiences. Carnegie believes that the rich man should be restricted to the examples of Peter Cooper, Enoch Pratt of both Baltimore and Brooklyn, who have improved the community and have created things such as parks for everyone to enjoy. He concludes, that a wealthy man who dies rich, will be unwept, and unhonored, while being disgraced. Thus, one should be a philanthropist and give back to the community. I truly feel that Andrew Carnegie article is filled with great principles. I think it is great when you see wealthy individuals giving back to the community. Although, I find it almost ironic and contradictory that after having written this that he lived in such an extravagant mansion. Nevertheless, I think his house is beautiful and it is great that he gave so much back to the community, like libraries, a university, and recreational places. A good friend of mine from school back in Miami had a very affluent grandfather who owned the distributing rights to numerous popular beverage companies. He passed away this month and had over 2,000 people at his funeral.

Made to Order Babies

Imagine sitting down at a table and being handed a menu, but this is no ordinary menu to order food off of. No, this menu is at a medical clinic and it’s the menu to your new customized â€Å"designer baby†. Technology has advanced so much in the past couple years that this situation could happen very soon. If not in your lifetime, then in that of your children’s. What is a â€Å"designer baby†? It’s exactly as the words imply; a baby genetically modified to what the parents call â€Å"the perfect baby†. Today, the sex of the baby, the hair color, and the eye color can all be modified to the choice of the parent. And soon other things will be possible, such as modifying genetic defects in a baby. All of this would probably sound very appealing to someone that is just being introduced to the topic, but what about the side effects? Are there any? Is there any possibility that the baby will come out harmed or with some other defect that was caused by a â€Å"modification†? There are no answers for these questions, because even scientists and doctors do not know. So, should society take the risk of harming innocent babies to try and create â€Å"the perfect baby†? No, we should not. The â€Å"designer baby† is immoral and should be illegal. Nobody knows the side effects of modifying a baby, not even the scientists who conduct the research. Not only physical side effects, but also emotional and societal side effects. We do not know how society would perceive a genetically modified human. Procedures that are done to modify a baby include terminating some embryos. There are a lot of people who would see this action as immoral. If there are riots outside of clinics because they think of abortion as being immoral, those same people would most likely riot in protest to â€Å"designer babies†. There is also the question as to what will happen once everyone is â€Å"perfect† and â€Å"perfectly modified†. What will these â€Å"perfect† people think of those who already have genetic defects? They may think of them as inferior, and look down on them. That could lead to a new type of â€Å"genetic† discrimination (Baird 12-16). If laws were made against being able to design babies, then we would not have to worry about these problems. In 2009 an article titled Designing Rules for Designer Babies was published in the Scientific American magazine. The article says: In the U. S. , no binding rules deter a private clinic from offering a menu of traits or from implanting a woman with a collection of embryos. Physicians who may receive more than $10,000 for a procedure serve as the sole arbiters of a series of thorny ethical, safety and social welfare questions (29). With no binding laws or rules to this, some doctors will do the procedures just to get the money. It would definitely bring up questions about the doctors morals and if he/she really cares about their patients. Take, for example, Nadya Suleman, whom was implanted with genetically altered embryos. The doctor implanted her with a collection of six embryos. Two of those embryos split, making her pregnant with eight children. It does make everyone question her, but also the doctor. Did he take into account that she already had six children? Did he consider her financial status? (Designing Rules 29) Another question to ask is; how far do we go in â€Å"designing† our babies? The same article from Scientific American gives a perfect example of a situation that could happen: We could get carried away â€Å"correcting† perfectly healthy babies. Once we start down the slippery slope of eliminating embryos because they are diseased, what is to stop us from picking babies for their physical or psychological traits? What if this does happen? We could create a whole new generation based on what traits are the best for someone, or how knowledgeable everyone should be. In doing this, are we not doing the same thing Hitler tried to do; create the perfect humans? It didn’t get him very far, and won’t get society anywhere today. Some might say that designing a baby would be a great thing. That we could cure diseases and disorders before the baby is even born. But when a baby is â€Å"designed to get â€Å"rid† of disease and disorders, there are embryos that are killed in order to find â€Å"the perfect baby†. It could be considered the same thing as abortion. Our technological advances in the past couple years have greatly enhanced ociety. There are also technologies that will harm society. The â€Å"designer baby† is one of those technologies. It sounds very appealing to be able to create the child that you have always wanted, but we have always said that we were created the way we are for a reason, and we should keep saying that. No one knows the side effects of creating our babies, they could come out monsters f or all we know. If laws were put into effect against the â€Å"designer baby†, then we would be safe from these â€Å"monsters†.

Free Essays on Moses

Throughout the Bible, Moses has been portrayed as the deliverer, leader, lawgiver, and prophet of Israel. He is the Hebrew prophet who delivered the Israelites from Egyptian slavery and was their leader and lawgiver during their years of wandering in the wilderness. The name in Hebrew is Mosheh, meaning drawn out, but the original meaning is derived from the Egyptian language meaning child or son. The Egyptian translation reflects that Pharaoh's daughter simply named him "child" when Moses was found. Moses belonged to the tribe of Levi, and was the son of Amram by his wife Jochebed. The other members of the family were Aaron and Miriam, his elder brother and sister. The life of Moses is divided into three equal portions of forty years each, consisting of his life in Egypt, exile in Arabia, and government of Israel. Moses was a leader so inspired by God that he was able to build a nation from a race of oppressed and weary slaves. In the covenant ceremony at Mount Sinai, where the Ten Commandments were given, he founded the religious community known as Israel. As the interpreter of these covenant laws, he was the organizer of the community's religious and civil traditions. His story is told in the Old Testament, in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. He was a child of the captive Hebrews, but one whom the Lord would use to deliver Israel from her oppressors. Life in Egypt Moses was born about 1520 B.C. In Egypt took place his birth, adoption, and the avenging of his countrymen. At the time of Moses' birth the order commanding the slaying of all male children was in force, (Exodus 1:10,16), but his mother was by some means able to conceal him and hid him away for three months. When disguise was no longer possible she placed him in a small basket of papyrus, possibly from an Egyptian belief that the plant is a protection from crocodiles. She placed him among the reeds of the Nile and left his sister to... Free Essays on Moses Free Essays on Moses Moses There have been many individuals who could be considered leaders, but some stand out among the others. An example of a superb leader is Moses. Moses is viewed as a righteous man in God’s eyes and is chosen to lead the Hebrews out of oppression in Egypt. Contained in the story of Exodus are many examples of Moses’ sacrifices and the hardships he endured while freeing the Hebrews. The faith of Moses was tested numerous times throughout the story, and, in some instances, it seemed that Moses had lost faith, however, being the "righteous" man that he was, he stuck it out until the end. Moses is a "pillar of faith" for surviving his tests and for being the perfect tool for God’s plans. The Old Testament, model of a great patriarch, is one who possesses faith coupled with voluntary obedience to God’s wishes and gratitude. These things combine to make up God’s standard of moral goodness. If the person obeys God’s laws and meets His standards, the individual may obtain happiness. The ultimate model of a great patriarch is Moses. The book of Exodus, begins with the Egyptian’s decision to oppress the Hebrews who lived in the land of Egypt for 400 years. (The descendants of Joseph and his brothers) Although Moses was born a Hebrew, Moses grew up in the Pharaoh’s court and the Hebrews were jealous of him. The Egyptians didn’t trust him as well. This is one of the main reasons why Moses was such a great leader. He didn’t really have any strong ties to either the Hebrews of the Egyptians. This is why he can be harsh and use force to make the people understand what God wants. He has the guts to order his own people to th eir death for freedom. Moses was willing t! o risk his life for his people and one day Moses saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew in the work-yard, and hastily killed the Egyptian with his bare hands. He then fled from Egypt to Midian, and found a wife with whom he had a son. Yet, Moses knew he wo... Free Essays on Moses Throughout the Bible, Moses has been portrayed as the deliverer, leader, lawgiver, and prophet of Israel. He is the Hebrew prophet who delivered the Israelites from Egyptian slavery and was their leader and lawgiver during their years of wandering in the wilderness. The name in Hebrew is Mosheh, meaning drawn out, but the original meaning is derived from the Egyptian language meaning child or son. The Egyptian translation reflects that Pharaoh's daughter simply named him "child" when Moses was found. Moses belonged to the tribe of Levi, and was the son of Amram by his wife Jochebed. The other members of the family were Aaron and Miriam, his elder brother and sister. The life of Moses is divided into three equal portions of forty years each, consisting of his life in Egypt, exile in Arabia, and government of Israel. Moses was a leader so inspired by God that he was able to build a nation from a race of oppressed and weary slaves. In the covenant ceremony at Mount Sinai, where the Ten Commandments were given, he founded the religious community known as Israel. As the interpreter of these covenant laws, he was the organizer of the community's religious and civil traditions. His story is told in the Old Testament, in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. He was a child of the captive Hebrews, but one whom the Lord would use to deliver Israel from her oppressors. Life in Egypt Moses was born about 1520 B.C. In Egypt took place his birth, adoption, and the avenging of his countrymen. At the time of Moses' birth the order commanding the slaying of all male children was in force, (Exodus 1:10,16), but his mother was by some means able to conceal him and hid him away for three months. When disguise was no longer possible she placed him in a small basket of papyrus, possibly from an Egyptian belief that the plant is a protection from crocodiles. She placed him among the reeds of the Nile and left his sister to...

An Online Degree Doesn’t Skimp on Reputable Professors Essays

An Online Degree Doesn’t Skimp on Reputable Professors Essays An Online Degree Doesn’t Skimp on Reputable Professors Essay An Online Degree Doesn’t Skimp on Reputable Professors Essay It is for a variety of reasons that we choose a college – courses offered, price, logistics, housing available, class size, and professors. While the pursuit of an online degree means that many of these elements are no longer an issue, it doesn’t mean that students should be resigned to less than exceptional professors. An online degree can be pursued through a reputable college or university that offers such classes as a supplement to their on campus schedule, or as a stand alone degree program. Though course work and reading are completed online, there is still the necessity for a professor to lead the course; and those students that are pursuing an online degree should ensure that they are learning from the best the school has to offer. The pursuit of an online degree has become more and more popular in recent years as the popularity of the Internet has exploded. Now, more than ever, students can pursue the education that they desire, without driving to a campus and attending a series of lectures. Because most people are so busy juggling career, family, and other responsibilities, the convenience offered by an online degree is unrivaled. Online degree students can fit their school work into their schedule rather than the other way around, and still walk away with a college degree in the field of their choosing. Professors who teach online degree programs are associated with the colleges and may also teach traditional courses as well. Online degree students should be sure to find out as much as possible about the teacher in charge of their course.

To answer question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

To answer question - Assignment Example This is because his body is not used to the climate in Ivory Coast which is a West African tropical country. The Wald Test and the Blood Culture Test carried out on him came out negative. The liver function was elevated and the white blood count was higher than the normal haemoglobin level. Moreover, he had reduced platelet count. The C-reactive protein level was elevated, an indication that the body was infected with a microorganism. The body was trying to fight with the infection, thus having a higher count of the white blood cells. As per the case study, the most likely diagnosis is that he was infected with typhoid. This is from the symptoms that were being exhibited and the results from the Wald Test and the Blood Culture Test. Typhoid fever is caused by a harmful bacterium called Salmonella typhi (WHO, 2014). Considering the fact that he had visited West Africa, a tropical country, and the symptoms, it is clear that he must have contracted typhoid fever. The microscopic organisms that cause typhoid fever spread through polluted substances or water and sporadically through immediate contact with someone with the organism (Mayoclinic.org, 2014). Typhoid fever is a severe sickness associated with severe headache and is caused by the Salmonella typhi microscopic organisms. It can likewise be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that normally prompts a less serious disease (Balentine, 2014). The bacterium that has infected the man is the Salmonella typhi since the symptoms shown were more severe than those associated with salmonella paratyphi. Laboratory testing is required to confirm the clinical diagnosis. To test for the disease, blood specimens and stool samples are required. Laboratory conclusion of typhoid fever requires separation and recognizable proof of salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. After samples are gathered, they are screened independently to distinguish the microbes. In order to

Transformational Leadership and Public Service Motivation Essay

Transformational Leadership and Public Service Motivation - Essay Example The desire to maximize on self-interest provides aspiring leaders the unique chances to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting the demands of the subjects and those of the organization.   For Gordon, in his pursuit of exceptional leadership attributes, among the things he ought to understand is that his interaction with his subordinates should permit the building of an explicitly motivational work environment. Doing so implies that the individual acquires the means of transcending their typical roles as followers or leaders. Google’s organizational culture presents the best example of how leaders relate to their supporters. In their culture, the making of company decisions is a role of company employees, irrespective of rank. Any organization needs a workforce made up of leaders and subordinates (Barbuto, 2010, p. 30). The expectancy theory described above relies upon the extrinsic motivators in the description of behaviors demonstrated in the working environment (Barbuto, 2010, p. 28). For instance, external rewards have been known to have inducing effects of fueling practices relative to nitrite motivators (Hitt, Porter & Black, 2011, p. 87). The intrinsi c theory argues that traits are a consequence of internal forces in the form of job satisfaction. Scholarships claim that motivational thoughts hedged on the concept of motivation are of the assumption that subordinates make conscious choices as a way of maximizing self-interests (Paarlberg, & Lavigna, 2010, p. 710).   The above-argued concept makes this paper suggest that the expectancy school of thought provides a vehicle for Gordon to realize his leadership ambitions. The paper argues so because the likelihood model tends to equip leaders with the necessary tools to affect the psychological processes within their followers (Humphreys, & Einstein, 2014, p. 60).