The Roles Of Latinas On Television - 1087 Words

The main purpose of this paper was to research the roles of Latinas in television. More specifically, how Latinas are represented within the television industry. The study consisted of a content analysis of three television programs from the years 2015-2017. A procedure was employed and seven characters were selected. The categories that were used in the study were based on the character’s ethnicity and gender, but the variables were developed based on previous research. The results have revealed that there’s a slight change, however, Latinas continue to be underrepresented and negative stereotyped. Introduction The representation of Latinas in Television is far from mirroring the presence of Latinos in the United States.†¦show more content†¦The two theories that the researcher will look at that fit into this research are Cultivation theory and Agenda-setting theory. Cultivation Theory Many people might say that prime-time network programming is responsible for the way people perceive the different situations in the real world. The theory the researcher will discuss â€Å"began as a way to test the impact that all this television viewing had on viewers† (West Turner p. 421). In the late 1960s, George Gerbner developed the Cultivation Theory which later on evolved over time through the use of mass media. Through this theory is a television based theory, its assumptions and processes can be applied to the representation of Latinas in the media. Cultivation Theory is being used not just in the United States, but all around the world. This theory just like other theories is applied daily because society is constantly watching television to educate themselves on what’s happening around the world. One of the reasons why this theory can be applied by anyone, it’s because â€Å"It asks people to assess their own media use alongside the socially constructed reality of the world they inhabit† (West Turner p. 435). According to George Gerbner, cultivation theory says that as time passes more people in the real world of television are easier to believe that social reality resembles theShow MoreRelatedGendered Medi The Influence Of Media On Views Of Gender, By Julia T. Wood1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthe main reason why media distort reality; it creates a false image of the representation that is outside the media world. In Television women continue to be predominantly lacking and many people are wondering who is to blame. As the media world is primarily dominated by men, women activist are demanding for more women to be part of such a popular medium that is television. While some researchers believe that†¦, â€Å"the ways in which media represent the female subject and the experiences of women workingRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Movie The Single Moms Club 1323 Words   |  6 PagesGreek Gods. Latina women are often portrayed as â€Å"sexy, sassy, and spicy† on television according to Sexy, Sassy, Spicy: The Portrayal of Latina Women in American Television. As a Hispanic woman, you must be loud, sexy, have a huge attitude and not speak fluent English, or at least this is what television is telling everyone. Actress, Sofia Vergara is a perfect example of this in the American television comedy show, â€Å"Modern Family†. Vergara plays a young, gorgeous, attitude filled role as Gloria Delgado-PrichettRead MoreManifestation of Latin-American Gender Roles in American Media1220 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles in American Media Objective The objective of this study is to examine the manifestation of Latin gender roles in American Media. Towards this end, this study will examine the literature in this area of inquiry. Introduction Gender roles are reported to be generally defined as sex-based categories that specify appropriate rules of conduct for males and females in a particular culture or society. Although grounded in biological differences between males and females, gender roles areRead MoreAccording To The Cdc, From 2011-2015 For Adolescent Hispanic1495 Words   |  6 PagesHispanic females ages 15-18, suicide was the second leading cause of death. The theorist Durkheim choose to study Suicide for a number of reasons, one of which was to demonstrate the new science, sociology (Ritzer 2011 Pg198). In regards to adolescent Latina suicides, I argue that in fitting with Durkheim’s ideas on suicide, they would most likely be classified as Egoistic suicides and preventative steps could be taken in bringing about a higher sense of integration. Durkheim’s theories and work on suicideRead MorePsychopathology And Culture : The Epidemic Of Eating Disorders1396 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorder were similar in all cultures, but the ethnic-minority of Latinas were more prone to being affected by bulimia. Latin culture is known for having a more curvaceous beauty ideal than white Americans, but when living as an ethnic minority in North American culture, Latinas feel more pressure to maintain that â€Å"thin ideal† that is pushed in whites. Does this mean that moving to America means a new set of problems for Latinas that were never even thought of before? It sure does, and studiesRead MoreTeen Pregnancy among the Latino Community2991 Words   |  12 Pageswomanhood in teen years, contribute to the high percentage of teen pregnancy among Latinas. However, teen pregnancy among Latinas has been decreasing in recent years. Recent programs such as public service announcement and sex education continue to help educate young Latinas and lower the risk of teen pregnancy. Nevertheless, Latinas still represent the group of people with the highest teen pregnancy. One in six Latinas between the ages of 14-20 will have a child at some point, and 30% of all LatinoRead MoreThe Diversity Of The Media1418 Words   |  6 PagesAs America grows as a nation, the media must grow with us; our country is encapsulated in sites such as Twitter and Facebook and we hold access to millions of channels on the television. My generation has the world at our fingertips and with that comes knowledge, discussion, and awareness. A common dispute among my peers is the lack of representation of different races and orientations in our white-washed heterosexual cisgender media. Thousands have spoken on this issue, taking different approachesRead MoreThe Intersection Of Race And Media1489 Words   |  6 PagesS. history, most white-produced images of other racial groups have been unambiguously racist (Croteau 2012) But even tho ugh us as a nation has gotten better since those days, is racism completely gone from American television or is it still being normalized into cinema and television by reproducing the understanding of racial difference leading to generalized stereotypes? Media has been shown to have the potential to promote or to call into question stereotypical views of social groups, includingRead MoreRacial Segregation And The United States Essay2136 Words   |  9 PagesAmerica. Furthermore, people apart of the Puerto Rican community, Mexican American, and Cuba would essentially be considered Latino in America. Visibility, and its implied opposite invisibility, refer to the presence and absence of Latinos and Latinas in media representations and media industries (Gonzalez, Oboler 2005). The presence of Latino Americans have always be known in the United States media, however, they had little representation and scare job opportunities to work in the media arenaRead MoreResearch on Teen Pregnancy in Los Angeles County1223 Words   |  5 Pagesrisks associated with unprotected sex. The fact that safe sex-related programs have also experienced progress thus means that teen pregnancies should have continued to drop throughout the 2000s. Controversies are battled out over whether or not television shows such as 16 and Pregnant or Teen Mom are warnings of this phenomenon to others in the same age group, or if the premise of the shows manages to glorify young motherhood instead (Fenster). The authorities consider that the success experienced

Mainstreaming Should be the Parents Decision Essay

Mainstreaming Should be the Parents Decision Integrating children with handicaps into regular classrooms (also known as mainstreaming) has been a huge issue in education systems recently. The goal of mainstreaming is providing the most appropriate and beneficial education to a child in the least restrictive setting and so the question of where the children with handicaps benefit the most is the question that is the hardest to answer. In the 1960s there was no question. No one even thought about taking a child with a handicap out of special education and placing them within a regular classroom. But now, partly because of parents requests, select school districts are mainstreaming. The debate over mainstreaming being good†¦show more content†¦In special education, the teachers focus on teaching the skills that the children will need to survive so they can increase the chance that these children will be able to live independently. They focus on dressing and personal hygiene, as well as teaching them basic job skills. The students learn how to count stock at the grocery store, how to run a cash register, and how to handle money. Bobbys class actually learned these things along with reading and writing. In my opinion, I think these skills which teach the children how to take care of themselves is a lot more valuable than most of the things that Sean was learning. Seans mother and other advocates of mainstreaming, on the other hand, believe that children with mental handicaps should be taught the same skills as any other child. They say that teaching a child how to count stock and use a cash register is basically telling the children that they wont amount to anything more than working at Mc Donalds. They say that it ruins their hopes and dreams of becoming something else. But advocates fail to realize that although Sean made it through the first grade (barely), the intellectual gap between him and his peers gets larger as they get older. It will be even harder for Sean to keep up next year in second grade. And then what will happen in junior high? It will be extremely difficult for Sean to stay in a regular classroom. As it is in first grade, Sean is taken out of class for help withShow MoreRelatedEducating Students With Children With Disabilities969 Words   |  4 PagesMainstreaming in Education â€Å"We must understand that inclusion is first and foremost a philosophy. It is a mindset and a belief that everyone has value and something to contribute. It is a willingness to see the ability in everyone and match skill with challenge. It is an understanding that what our programs really provide at their heart is the opportunity to build relationships, learn who we are, and develop skills†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Friedman, 2014) Mainstreaming, one of the most controversial topics in the educationRead MoreSpecial Education Inclusion1040 Words   |  5 Pagesthe important questions that should always be asked when discussing inclusion. She gives us some arguments from advocates on both sides of the issue and everyone in between. She recognizes that inclusion has no simple answers. She merely intends to overview the concepts of inclusion and offers some recommendations to ensure the needs of all students are met. Her overview begins with definitions of common vocabulary, discusses laws governing inclusion, court decisions that have governed placementRead MoreBenefits Of Mainstreaming Students With Disabilities Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers, parents, and special education case workers have worked with the dilemma of making a choice to mainstream students in regular education classrooms for many years and have been set back in each IEP (Individualized Educational Plan) on what would benefit the child. Not enough students with disabilities are being mainstreamed so they can experience the full capacity of their learning stages. It is important for all individuals involved to understand the pros and cons associated with placingRead MoreStudents with IEPs1386 Words   |  6 Pageswant to be included and do everything else the other students are doing. However, you have this learning disability no one knows about except for you, your parents, the exceptional educator, and now your general education teachers. It’s not easy being different wanting to do everything the other students are doing. Well, this is why mainstreaming and inclusion are important for these students. They want to be successful like everyone else. They want to fit in. They want to go to the general educationRead MoreMeeting the Needs of Special Education Students Essay913 Words   |  4 Pages to students reading years ahead. Within this broad spectrum, special education students are defined as individuals with special needs in a way that address the students individual differences and needs. Through the use of inclusion classes, mainstreaming, and individualized education plans, the needs of each individual student are met. â€Å"Education of physically, mentally, and emotionally handicapped children in the United States, until the 1960’s was provided through a mixture of institutionalizationRead MoreMainstreaming Vs. Inclusion: The Best Possible Outcome.1343 Words   |  6 PagesMainstreaming vs. Inclusion: The Best Possible Outcome While there are many aspects of the education system that are constantly under question and review there is a relatively new idea that is changing the classroom dynamic all together. The question is if mainstreaming students with disabilities or having special classrooms to meet their needs enhances their learning experience. The traditional classroom environment for children with special needs is to be in their own classrooms with specificRead MoreInclusion Is An Understanding Of Terms Dealing With Inclusion1332 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents. Supporters of inclusion normally favor original forms of education service delivery. There are different types of inclusion that people should recognize when dealing with this topic. , Mainstreaming has been used to refer to the selective placement of special education students in one or more general education classes. Supporters of mainstreaming typically accept that a student must earn their opportunity to be placed in general classes by ind icating an ability to keep up with the work assignedRead MoreThe Effects of Mainstreaming and Inclusion in Our Schools4122 Words   |  17 PagesThe Effects of Mainstreaming and Inclusion in our Schools Students with special needs are mainstreaming and inclusion into regular classrooms everyday in American schools across the country. The subject of mainstreaming and inclusion in the school system is often debated. Debates can become heated and both sides feel strongly about their views when deciding where students who are labeled as â€Å"special† should be placed. Children who start out in Special Education classes should be given the chanceRead More Students With Auditory Challenges and Mainstream Schools Essay2264 Words   |  10 Pageschances to learn English (Johnson 45-7). The proposal includes teaching sign language as the child’s first language and encouraging the second language, English, to be taught through reading and writing (Johnson 52). Further, this curriculum should be implemented in the least restrictive environment possible. Researchers emphasize the necessity of parental support and the support of early intervention programs such as proposed organized activities and training for families with hearing-impairedRead MoreEvery Individual Has Goals Whether It Be Personal Or Career1628 Words   |  7 Pagesranging from teaching styles to discipline, from motivational techniques to leadership. In the following, I will attempt to touch on all of these issues and also spend some time discussing such topics as educational reform and mainstreaming in the classroom. First, I should focus on what philosophies I will adhere to as an educator. At best, I can describe my philosophy as a combination of the well-established, almost timeless philosophies of idealism and realism. The idealist in me views discipline

Ash Wednesday Bushfires Free Essays

The many natural hazards that have occurred over the years have varied from cyclones to droughts, however bushfires are the main hazard Australia is prone to. A bushfire is an out-of-control fire that burns bush, forest and woodland areas. Australia has had a considerable number of hazardous bushfires, the Ash Wednesday Bushfires of 1983 is one of Australia’s most devastating. We will write a custom essay sample on Ash Wednesday Bushfires or any similar topic only for you Order Now THE LOCATION: Over one hundred fires broke out between February 16th-18th 1983, eight of which were major fires. These fires swept across regions of VictoJ.Dimovskiria and South Australia causing widespread damage. Figure 1 below is a map of Victoria, the red representing where the fires were formed. The eight major fires were started in the following areas of Victoria: * Cudgee, Ballangeich and Framilingham * East Trentham and Mt Macedon * Otways * Belgrave heights and Upper Beaconsfield * Monivale * Branxholme * Warburton and * Cockatoo GEOGRAPHICAL PROCESSES: CAUSES An ignition flame point is needed for a bushfire to start. This ignition is caused naturally by lightning strikes or by a deliberate/accidental flame for example arson, camping fires or carless behavior. Most of the Ash Wednesday fires were caused by an accidental ignition, for example in Cudgee, Mt Macedon, Monivale and Branxholme. The suspected cause for these fires was the clashing of electrical powerlines with tree branches. Bushfires can be influenced by several factors. It is primarily the weather conditions and geographical processes that dictate the behaviour and spread of a fire. Drought plays an essential part in the environment desiccating determining the spread of a bushfire. Due to lack of rainfall, vegetation such as dry grasses, parched native shrubs and other combustible materials build up and become fuel for the fire to burn. Before the Ash Wednesday fires Victoria suffered 10 months severe drought. The relative humidity also results in the right climatic conditions for a bushfire to occur. If the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is than 20%, it can cause forest fuels to dry out and become highly flammable. The relative humidity of Victoria was exceedingly low in the months leading to the bushfires. At one stage Melbourne’s relative humidity reached as low as 6% compared to the usual 43%. This factor greatly contributes to increasing the speed of the fire. High temperatures are necessary for a fire to occur. Hot air from high temperatures is responsible for helping to lower the moisture content of forest vegetation, making the fuel more flammable. February 1983 was one of the hottest and driest Februarys on record, with temperatures reaching a record 46.1 degrees Celcius. Wind plays a major role in the spread of fires. High winds provide the fires with oxygen to burn resulting in larger and stronger flames. In addition wind can also cause spot fires by blowing embers downwind. The wind movement on February 16 also resulted in many fires merging. Weather conditions such as cold fronts also produce severe bushfire conditions. In southern Australia cold fronts are common and dramatically affect bushfires. Figure 2 shows the cold front as it headed towards Victoria on February 16. When a cold front passes, the wind direction will change about 90 degrees and will also cause very hot, dry winds. Figure 3 and 4 illustrates the cold front changing the direction of the fire, causing the long side of the fire to suddenly become the front. WHY IS THE LOCATION PRONE Victoria is prone to the hazard of bushfires because during summer and autumn Victoria experiences hot, dry climate which causes the vegetation to dry out. Victoria’s forests mainly consist of Eucalyptus trees, which contain large amounts of oil making these forests highly flammable. Southern Australia also experiences strong winds in summer, which result in increasing the damage of the fire. Figure 6 on the left shows the areas of Australia that are prone to bushfires. IMPACTS The impacts of a hazard when it strikes a town or region can be very dramatic. The impacts can be categorised into environmental, economic and social impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL The Ash Wednesday fires caused widespread damage to the environment burning over 210,000 square hectares of Victorian land in total and 21,000 in South Australia. The land burnt Dandenong National Park, the Wombat State Forest, pine plantations and the Otways Forest. Although the Ash Wednesday bushfires regenerated the bushland they caused extensive damage to native habitats and also resulted in the death and injury of many animals. The fires also caused changes to biodiversity levels, high levels of erosion, disrupted the water quality in local streams and waterways and also released thousands of tonnes of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Figure 7 shows the CFA rehydrating a koala that survived the fire. ECONOMIC The economic impacts caused by the Ash Wednesday bushfires were very large. It not only affected the local communities but also the whole of Australia. The total cost of property related damage in Victoria was estimated at over $200 million. In addition the damage to valuable timber in state areas and timber plantations was estimated at over $50 million. All together the cost of damage was over $950 million. A large majority of individuals experienced property loss and many were not insured against bushfire therefore lost all their life savings. Even those who were insured did not receive everything back from insurance agencies and had to make do with what they were given. Figure 8 on the right shows the large areas burnt by the fires SOCIAL IMPACTS The Ash Wednesday bushfires brought death, destruction and hardship on people’s lives. Many people were not prepared for a bushfire of that degree. It was the biggest fire Victoria had seen and took many by surprise. The number of casualties was 75 including 13 CFA fire-fighters and many more were injured. There was also the loss of over 2,000 residential homes in Victoria and in South Australia 383 more. Figure 9 on the left is a photograph showing a street of houses all burnt down. The impact of the fires was very difficult on individuals, especially the ones the lost friends and family members in the fires. There were also many health problems caused by the fires, both mental and physical. These health problems were caused from stress, smoke inhalation, asthma attacks and the trauma sustained. â€Å"It was just this bloody great force. It wasn’t fire by itself. It wasn’t just the wind. It was something different to that†¦a monster† was a statement made by John Baxter. The above statement shows how many residents may have reacted or felt about the fires. POSSIBLE STRATEGIES To protect Victoria and the environment from another disastrous bushfire, some management strategies need to be implemented. These could include: * Local residents should remove any fire prone objects in and around the home for example clearing leaves in gutters and raking and discarding dried leaves around fire seasons. * An education and awareness program could be developed to inform people on the risks on living in fire prone areas. Topics should include how and why people die in bushfires, how to insure their homes against fires and prevention measures. * A warning system should implemented to warn the community on incoming fires. To supplement this an evacuation drill should be put in place so the local communities know what to do in the case of a bushfire. * Local communities should become more involved in forest management and conservation to ensure the future protection of the environment for future generations. How to cite Ash Wednesday Bushfires, Papers

Internship Report on Milkvita Essay Example For Students

Internship Report on Milkvita Essay ` INTRODUCTION Bangladesh Business investment in is seen to be encompassing around a what-to-do, or what not to do paradox towards hunting sectors to be ventilated by entrepreneurs. Moreover new investment the existing entrepreneurs are in a deep ocean of thoughts in deciding appropriate factors in their business. Neither the new entrepreneur fell safe in putting money for new businesses, nor did the existing business houses fall encouraged to expand their business in diversified ways just at the juncture of period to the new global market pattern. This is because of apprehended competition from the world marketers or entrepreneurs like multinationals to be encountered by the national business arena. In addition, it has also been experienced in Bangladesh that there exist the abundance of queue in selecting same avenues, which are apparently believed to be profitable business. As a result of this rush, very few prospects are believed to be attaining anticipated goals and investment on non-orthodox and challenging fields are not being unfolded. In this context, since Bangladesh can not afford to go for heavy industrial invest for obvious economic reason, studies for non-traditional and agro-based areas are needed to be focused to cater the need of the time. Academicians, professionals and practitioners evaluate, interpret of predict the goals of objectives of a business organization in terms of profitability with simultaneous achievement in sustainable social and economic benefits. There exists hardly any doubt about it. Human beings are social animals and as such any activity created, initiated, and/or practiced, touches the social periphery significant. Precisely, any business endeavor serves social causes in addition to economical return what-so-ever. In the present context with the experience of milk vita, organizational entity as Bangladesh Milk Producers’ Co-operative Union Limited, a successful and the largest dairy organization of the country, dairy business is being stressed upon for its merit and contribution in financial return long with additional social achievements. In fact, modest efforts have been made in the present study titled â€Å"Strategic Brand Management- A Case study of Milk Vita† to portray probabilities and possibilities of the organization in business spectrum during market economy. In doing so, it has taken into care about the pertinent factors to be analyzed, both at the home conditions as well as for the effects that might be generated from the internation al arena. It has been designed to study the position of the international entrepreneur and the marketers of the selected dairy fields; those are at present in the market of Bangladesh as well as anticipated their future stress. The Dairy Co-operative: Bangladesh Milk Producers’ Co-operative Union Ltd. is very popular and known by its trade name ‘Milk Vita’ is the largest dairy organization of the country. It is regarded as the successful endeavor in the country in dairy field under the co-operative management. A detail study of the organization would, help to analyze prevailing dairy approaches of the country. Early History: During the undivided Indo-Pak-Bangla period, In 1946, a small Dairy Plant having the capacity of handling 2000 liters of milk per day was planned to be established at Lahirimohhanpur, Pabna (present at Sirajganj District) by a the-then all-Indian organization namely ‘National Nutrients Company Limited’. But the idea could not be materialized due to the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. Mr. Mukhlesur Rahaman (late) after 1949, a young businessman showed his keen interest for completion of the project and he exchanged his Calcutta (India) property with all the assets of the original entrepreneur lying idle in this part of the country. The new entrepreneur with the name of ‘Eastern Milk Process and market their products viz. milk, butter and ghee with the brand name first introduced in the country-‘Milk Vita’ in the year 1952. The business field to attain success since in one hand the targeted Calcutta market being a different country was not reachable and on the other hand the existing market of Dhaka was located at a comparatively distance place from the plant area. Therefore, Mr. Mukhlesur Rahaman (late) initiated the co-operative management pattern for the plant. In the process, in 1965, the first ‘Milk Producers’ co-operative society was formed in the area with the apex organization ‘Eastern Milk Producers’ Co-operative Union Ltd. hrough the Government patronization. The economic condition of th handed over to the ‘Co-operative Marketing Society’ in 1968. During the period, there was another dairy plant engaged in processing milk in bottles at Tejgaon, Dhaka namely â€Å"ASTO Dairy† which was also financially sick and was run by Co-operative Marketing Society. Due to lack of fund and moreover dearth of efficient professionals, performance of both the enter prises did never improved. Origin of the Study Strategic Brand Management- A Case study of Milk Vita† The present study has been originated as an academic requirement for the Masters of Science in Business Administration (MBA) degree from the Stamford University, Bangladesh. A number topics were discussed on selecting the study field and in every case it was deeply thought to make something that can be really portray the academic achievement benefiting the student in one hand and on the other the company or the business house for which the study would be done is also simultaneously rewarded by the outcomes of the study. The present assignment was offered to the student of this study considering the factors of his specialization in marketing discipline. Moreover, since the incumbent is related to a business house, exclusively with the present chosen one, it was felt by the guide as well as by the student that the designed study would be useful in terms of both on academic vision and practical mission and understanding. Though it was further believed that the data would be very difficult to be collected, even it was assumed, once it is collected, it would be obviously of great use by the organization milk vita through appropriate analysis. Objectives Objective of the study is evaluating the products manufactured by Milk Vita, the largest dairy organization of the country and also to assess the present status of Milk Vita as a brand in diary product category in Bangladesh. The study is aimed at the line objectives: Compare the same to the situation in Bangladesh. Based on main objectives, following few objectives are also set for the present study: †¢ To enlighten the studying individual or groups about the practical work environment of a industry and its management practices related to the management of a established brand in the product portfolio. To know about the marketing operations exclusively and the research activities in the application area. †¢ To inculcate confidence on assessing dispersed data for analysis and there by dig out appropriate notion. †¢ To face future challenges in designing and operating research activities SCOPE The scope of the study though outlines a limited vision for one org anization but it is absolutes useful to have the required data from diversified sources nationally . In the study, the scope is further widely opened not only to know the factors on milk products but also design measures to overcome those. Limitations of the Study In the process of conducting the study a number of problems cropped-up right from the decision on the topic and down to final writing of this study. With a number of discussions and final interaction with the guide, efforts were exerted to overcome the problems and limitations as far as was possible. In collecting primary data, problems cropped up in ventilating the samples that used to be located at a different scattered place. There were some other minor problems like availability of all the respondents duly (completion and incidence rate), time constraints and financial limitations etc, were evoked too. However, finally instead of all the eventualities, the study could be made possible with the active supervision of the guide. Hypothesis The statistical testing of hypothesis is the most important technique in statistical inference. Hypothesis tests are widely used in business and industry for making decisions. The hypothesis is made about the value of some parameter but the only facts available to estimate the true parameter are those provide by a sample. If the sample statistic differs from the hypothesis meet about the population parameter, a decision must be made as to whether of not this difference is significant. If it is, the hypothesis is rejected. If not, the hypothesis must be accepted. Hypothesis for the Present Study: On to materialization of the objectives effectively and efficiently, the present study has the following hypothesis to test: 1. Production in the home country will be not increasing; 2. Cost of production in the country will be significantly increased; 3. Government is considering the milk sector as a vital one; 4. The consumers will have no effect through ethnocentrism; 5. There will be no integrated marketing promotion for the local brands; 6. Foreign country will cut down export prices for dairy produces; 7. There will be no inflation in the milk exporting countries; 8. Foreign milk producing farmers will not have competitively lower price of milk than the home country; 9. Cattle wealth will be significantly in the foreign milk exporting countries; 10. Technology transfer for milk production increase from the exporting countries will not be practiced. 11. There is a variability in the level of awareness among the competing brands in diary industry in Bangladesh Definitions: The hypothesis as well the total study require interpretation of some the definitions which are to be used in analysis, Item-wise definitions and discussions are placed to ventilate the appropriate issues. Market Economy Adam Smith (1723-1790), the ‘father of modern economics’ and author of the famous book ‘An inquiry into the Nature and causes of the wealth of Nations’ spawned the discipline of economics by trying to understand why some nations prospered while other lagged behind in poverty. Others after him also explored how a nation’s allocation of resources affects its wealth. The definition set out at the turn of twentieth century by Alfred Marshall, author of ‘The principles of Economics’ reflects the complexity underlying economics ‘Thus it is on one side, the study of wealth; and on the other, and more important side, a part of the study of man’ W must reckoned that we have unlimited wants and very limited resources. Before further discussion, let us understand first; the two branches of study within economics; microeconomics’ and macroeconomics. Microeconomics: Looks at the similar issues but on the level of the individual people and firms within the economy; it tends to be more scientific in its approach, and studies the parts that make up the whole economy. The market economy’ advocates forces within a competitive market, which constitute the invisible hand’, to determine how resources should be allocated. Example- USA. The command economic’ system relies on the government to decide how the country’s resources would best allocate. Example – North Korea Globalization The term refers to the free movement of goods, services, capital and ideas across national boundaries due to reduction to a tariff and other barriers. It will free up markets, encourage multinational corporation business which operate in a number of countries at once and often drew on globa l capita, improve and advance information technology and telecommunication etc. The process will govern the philosophy ‘compete or perish’ As such consumers can be benefited from globalization process, but will have also some negative effects like: loss of local control over enterprises, reduced government control over the economy, widening income gap from employing skilled labor to unskilled ,and company’s benefit from choosing the low-cost labors. Global Open Market Economy Through different Agreement initiated by the World Trade Organization, liberalization in trade was significantly sponsored. Sponsored the agreement are Agreement on Technical barriers to Trade (TBT), Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual property Rights (TRIPs), Agreement on Agriculture (AOB) etc, In signing WTO agreements, it was well visualized that tariff and non-tariff barriers will decline in a liberalized trading environment and fair trading opportunities will make a gate way for all countries. In fact, it was predicted that due to substantial reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers, enormous gain would be resulted for the Developing and the Least Developing Countries (LDCs). The major drive to this was that with reduction in domestic and export subsidies in the developed countries, their cost of production would raise and subsequently their agricultural production would come down and international prices would rise. Ensuring lower tariffs in the developed countries, developing countries and LDCs would be able to export a lot more to take advantage of increased international prices. All the countries who are the signatories to WTO are definitely to abide by the rules and regulation of open market economy. SWOT Analysis: The overall evaluation of a company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat is called SWOT Analysis. External Environment Analysis (Opportunity and threat Analysis): A business unit has to monitor key microenvironment forces (demographic, technological, political-legal, and socio-cultural) that affect its ability to earn profits. The company further applies Marketing Opportunity Analysis (MOA) to determine the attractiveness and success probability of any opportunity. An ideal business is high in major opportunities and low in major threats; ? A speculative business is high in both major opportunities and threats; ? A mature business is low in opportunities and low in threats; and ? A troubled business is low in opportunities and high in threats. Internal Environment Analysis (Strengths and Weaknesses Analysis): Each business needs to evaluate its internal strengths and weaknesses. The business dos not have to correct all its weaknesses, nor it gloat about its strengths. The big question is whether the business should limit itself to those opportunities where it possesses the required strengths or whether it should consider better opportunities where it might have to acquire or develop certain strengths. PEST Analysis Business activities are also significantly dependent on prevailing environmental status. It is equally important for home and international business. To ventilate environment condition, PEST which stands for political, economical, social and technological analysis is a formidable task. Political Environment: Business decisions are strongly affected by developments in the political and environment. This environment is composed of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence and limit various organizations and individuals, sometimes these laws also create new opportunities for business. Economical Environment: Markets require purchasing power as well as people. The available purchasing power in an economy depends on current income, prices, savings, debt, and credit availability. Social Environment: Society shapes our beliefs, values, and norms, people absorb, almost unconsciously, a world-view that defines their relationships to themselves, to others, to organizations, to society to nature, and to the universe, People are adopting more conservative behaviors and ambitions. Technological Environment: One of the most dramatic forces shaping people’s liver is technology. Technology has released such wonders as penicillin, open-heart surgery, and the birth control pill. It has released such horrors as the hydrogen bomb, nerve gas, and the submachine gun. Marketing, Promotion and Integrated Marketing Communication Marketing: The American Marketing Association (AMA), which represents marketing professionals in the United States and Canada, defines: â€Å"Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. † The AMA definition recognizes that â€Å"exchange† is a central concept in marketing. For exchange to occur there must be two or more parties with something of value to one another a desire and ability to give up that something to the o9rher party, and a way to communicate with each other. Promotion: It plays an important role in the exchange process by informing consumers of an organization’s product or service and convincing them of its ability to satisfy their needs or wants. It has been defined as: â€Å"Promotion is any form of communication used by a firm to inform, persuade, or remind people about its product services or impact on society. † Promotion planning: It is a systematic decision making pertaining to all aspects of the development and managerial of a firm’s management efforts. Promotion strategy consists of a group of interrelated communication activities. It combines advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct marketing, interactive/internet marketing and public relations into an integrated program for communicating with buyers and others who influence purchase. Promotion strategy covers the planning implementation, and controlling an organization/s communications to its customers and other target audience. The purpose of promotion in the marketing program is to achieve management’s desired communications objectives with each audience. Integrated Marketing Communication: During the 1980s, many companies came to see the need for more of a strategic integration of their promotional tools. These firms began moving toward the process of integrated marketing communication (IMC), which involves coordinating the various promotional elements and other marketing activities that communicate with a firm’s customers. A task force from the American association of advertising Agencies (the 4As) developed one of the first definitions of integrated marketing communication: ‘Integrated Marketing Communication concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan that evaluate the strategic roles of a variety of communication disciplines – for example, general advertising, direct response, sales promotion, and public relations – and combine these discipline to provide clarity, consistency, and maximum communication impact’. Deciding to Save Lives with the Atomic Bomb EssayThis net profit earning by BMPCUL is a shining example in the co-operative movement of the country through which the farmers have been encouraged in cattle keeping practices resulted in increase of the milk collection for BMPCUL. FAO in a recent report has earmarked views like: Milk Vita continues to be flourishing concern, which can be seen not only from its recent imitators who financial performance and plans for growth, but also from its recent imitators who have set up similar dairy enterprises to process and market 50 million liters of milk annually. Not only is the private imitator, the government also initiating activities based on the experience of milk vita for poverty alleviation programmers of the country. BMRE and Other Projects of the Organization The organization launched a project titled ‘Balancing, Rehabilitation and Expansion of the Co-operative Dairy Complex project’ in 1994-97 with the project cost of total TK. 263. 68 million. Implementation of the project ahs so far made a tremendous impact on the overall activities of the organization (BMPCUL) 18. Milk Vita has very recently undertaken the following projects to increase asnd diverse its products range and also to expand its operational network: 1. Milk Vita Sweet-end Fresh Milk Condensed Milk; 2. Milk Vita UHT(Ultra High Temperature) Treated Milk Plants at Dhaka and Baghabarighat; 3. Milk Vita condensed Milk Can Production Plant; 4. Milk Vita Mineral Water Plant; 5. Milk Vita Dairy and Milk Chilling Plants at Different Parts of the County; and 6. Milk Vita Chocolate plant. In the process of Expansion, the government has extended significant financial support to milk vita on recognition of its contribution to the poverty alleviation process. The Management Affair: In regards to the co-operative philosophy milk vita management is guided by the co- operative Acts, Rules and by-laws of the organization. It has got a Managing Committee comparing of 12(twelve) members, 9(nine) of which including the Chairman and the Vice-Chairman are directly elected from the rural milk producing primary societies and the rest of 4(four) are nominated from the Government, this honorary body handles the action plans and policy issues of the organization in their meeting and implements those with the assistance of executive line. The executive head of the organization is the General Manager (proposed Managing Director) adhere the responsibility of materializing the decisions of the managing Committee with other routine management functions through the en-rolled professional personnel and workforce. The professional level includes personnel from different discipline like Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Science, Bio-chemistry, Accounting, Marketing, Finance, and other services. Beneficiaries of Milk vita: Bangladesh Milk producers Co-operative Union Limited (BMPCUL) dedicated towards the rural socio-economic development has emerged as a pioneering co-operative organization in the country. Its areas of operation in the rural sector are spread over to 12 milk-shed areas covering about 20 districts with 48 police stations and 1005 village. Through its activities for the last 3 decades, BMPCUL has made a significant impact on the national economy especially in the milk production sector benefiting the farmers. The direct beneficiaries from the activities of the organization market 12: †¢ 80,000 poor, landless and marginal milk producing farmers who were earlier exploited by the traditional middlemen (ghoses), but at present receiving fair price through sale of milk in a guaranteed market; †¢ 4,00,000 farmers family members who are directly dependent on the income of the cooperative members for their livelihood; More than 500 Rickshaw pullers cooperative members engaged in the distribution process receiving the daily cash income for maintaining their livelihood along with their dependent family members; †¢ A Large number of city dwellers receiving continuou s supply of pure, safe, hygienic and nutritious milk and milk products at a reasonable price; †¢ Enormous numbers of vendors and shop-keepers engaged in the business process of the organization having supplementing income; †¢ More than 4000people who are employed out of the direct and indirect job opportunities created both in rural and urban areas in milk production and transportation process; †¢ Nearly 1,000 people are engaged in the different plants and officer of the organization who earn livelihood for them and their families; 100 new co-operative farmers every year receive interest free cattle purchase credit; †¢ Enormous numbers of women are being engaged in the cattle keeping practices and thereby ensuring extra-income for the family. These have further been encouraged the farmers living at different parts of the country to be associated with Milk Vita for their economic growth. Future Plan Milk vita: The success of Milk Vita with further scope for expans ion in the processing sector includes: †¢ Expansion of the current handling capacity; †¢ Establishment of a number of chilling plants; †¢ Acquisition of bath an (Pasture) land from the government for permanent use as grazing land by the milk producer farmers; Completion of the Establishment of fresh Milk condensed Milk Plant; †¢ Completion of the Establishment of UHT Treated milk plants; †¢ Establishment of the Mineral Water Plants; †¢ Establishment of a cattle feed Plant; These Plans are expected to allow Milk Vita to contribute further for the development of the dairy sector in Bangladesh. The activities of milk vita have constituted bondage between the rural and urban areas by way of bringing and marketing the rural produce to city dwellers and on the other hand plough-back the money received against milk product sells, to rural areas for re-investment as well as assuring livelihood of the inhabitants there. Ultimately, this is contributing to the national economy. Flow chart-rural produce to urban areas, urban cash to rural farmers: Processed Liquid Milk Sale: It is also worth mentioning here that most of the milk in about 95% is consumed in Bangladesh and received from the indigenous i. e. farmers and middlemen source. The dairy plant processing sector supplies only the rest 05%. In the recent years some new ventures in milk and milk product processing and marketing have been initiated in the country. Though most of the organization caters a very little quantity of milk but the market for the processed milk in the country is being increased. Liquid Milk Sale Per Day |Sl. No |Name of the Enterprise |Milk Sales |Market Share | | | |Ltr’s/Day (Average) |% | |1 |Milk Vita |1,55,000 |76. 00 | |2 |Aarong |35. 000 |14. 58 | |3 |Amo Milk |5. 000 |2. 10 | |4 |Ultra Milk |4. 000 |2. 11 | |5 |Bikrampur |5. 000 |1. 63 | |6 |Aftab Dairy |7000 |2. 0 | |7 |Pran Milk |3. 000 |1. 58 | Condensed Milk Scenario: Liquid Milk and some other dairy products there exists venture for the production of condensed milk in the country. The organization engaged in the process does not have any source for fresh milk collection and as such they maintain their production through the imported powder milk. Since the condensed milk production activities at present are targeted com completely for commercial interest, negligence in product quality largely in sight. This has recently been identified by the Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute. As a result, the government has taken a strict view for the interest of the general mass. The players in the condensed milk production team are: Condensed Milk in the Country |Sl. |Brand |Plant Capacity |Average Price Take | |No | |Tons/day | | |1. |Danish |120 |37 | |2. |Star Ship |160 |37 | |3. |Goalini |120 |37 | |4. |Kwality |120 |37 | |6. Milk Vita* |50 |30 | * To be started soon Some Constraints Outline: Through analyzing its overall activities, milk vita summarizes the following major constraints: †¢ Lack of an appropriate and detailed dairy policy containing issues like product standardization, taxation, infrastructure development, price, import rationalization and product safety measures to aid the dairy development process of Bangladesh; †¢ Competition from imported milk powder and milk products along with threats from the domestic production. †¢ Non-congenial taxation and custom duties for its routine imported items; †¢ Acquisition of bathan land for fa rmers’ cattle grazing; Replication of the Milk Vita model in other parts of Bangladesh through government initiatives and funding for the benefit of both farmers and consumers; †¢ Shortage of quality cattle feed at a reasonable price; †¢ Lack of funds for the timely materialization of its planned activities; †¢ Lack of adequate support from the government, and national and international donor agencies in the undertaking of a massive dairy development programmed for the country, similar to Operation Milk Flood I, II, and III in India. †¢ Milk Vita visualizes that rapid removal of these constraints will aid attaining self-sufficiency in milk production sector of the country, within the shortest Milk possible time. Overall Products Sale Data of Milk Vita: Year |Liquid |Butter |Ice Cream |Ghee |Other |Total Sales | | | | | | |Products |Revenue | | | | | | |Tk. | | | |Mil. |Mil. |Mil kg | | |Ltr. |Tk. | | | |2 kg |I kg | | |tin |Pouch | | | |2002-03 |2003-04 | 2004-05 |2004-05 | |1 |Pasteurized Liquid Milk (per liter) |26. 00 |26. 00 |28. 00 |30. 0 | |2 |Butter (KG) |210. 00 |210. 00 |210. 00 |250. 00 | |3 |Ghee (KG) |290. 00 |300. 00 |300. 00 |350. 00 | |4 |Full Cream Milk Powder (per KG) |200. 00 |200. 00 |235. 00 |245. 00 | The Taxation Policies: The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh imposed tax on foreign powder milk and milk product to producers’ interest in competitive price factors. This had a mixed reaction in the society. The producing farmers were happy to have a better price for their product, but on the hand the business people were disheartened seeing the effect on consumer’s choice to competitive local producers who use the powder milk, were reactive to government decision on tax sector. Through maintaining a lobby and impressing the government in the plea of the consumers negative reaction for price rise of the commodity due to production price increase, they were further succeeded not only to refrain government from further increase but also reduced the levy in some of the tax sectors. A comparative tax structure is shown in the below table: Taxes on Import of Powder Milk an Milk Product |Sl. No| |% | | |Tax Heads |of Taxes | | | |2001-2002 |2002-2003 |2003-2004 |2004-2005 | |1. |Custom duty |25% |32. 5% |30% |30% | |2. |Regularity Duty |10% |0 |0 |0 | |3. |Complimentary Tax |0. 5% |10% |15% |0 | |4. Value Added Tax |15% |15% |15% |15% | |5. |Development Surcharge |2. 5% |3. 5% |4% |4% | |6. |Advance income Tax |3% |3% |3% |0 | |7. |License Fee |2. 5% |0 |0 |0 | |Total Effect |71. 01% |74. 11% |78. 92% |56. 0% | |(* Calculated on duty paid vale As shown below) | | | | | |Increase from the previous year |71. 01% |3. 10% |4. 81% |-22. 42% | Calculation of Taxes on Import of Powder Milk and Milk Product |2001-02 | | |Base: Tk. 100 |Base: Tk. 100 | |Duty Paid Value = 100 +35 |Duty Paid Value = 100 +32. 50 | |= 135. 0 |= 132. 0 | |Complimentary Tax: + 6. 75 |Complimentary Tax: + 13. 25 | |= 141. 75 |= 145. 75 | |15% VAT + 21. 26 |15% VAT + 21. 86 | |= 163. 01 |= 167. 61 | |Others(Item 5+6+7) = 8. 00 |Others (Item 4+5) = 6. 50 | |Total = 171. 1 |Total = 174. 11 | |- 10 0. 00 |- 100. 00 | | | | |Total Tax = 71. 01% |Total Tax = 74. 11% | | | | |Base: Tk. 100 |Base: Tk. 00 | |Duty Paid Value = 100 +30 |Duty Paid Value = 100 +30 | |= 130. 00 |= 130. 00 | |Complimentary Tax: + 19. 50 |Complimentary Tax: + 0 | |= 149. 50 |= 130. 00 | |15% VAT + 22. 42 |15% VAT + 19. 50 | |= 171. 92 |= 149. 0 | |Others(Item 5+6+7) = 7. 00 |Others(Item 5+6+7) = 7. 00 | |Total = 178. 92 |Total = 156. 50 | |- 100. 00 |- 100. 00 | | | | |Total Tax = 78. 92% |Total Tax = 71. 01% | Government’s Concern over Dairy Development: At one stage, during the first and second decades of independence, the government had very little interest in the cattle interest in the cattle and dairy development process of the country. This resulted in the import of milk at a great extent. Moreover, the flow of surplus milk powder from European Union (EU) nations to Bangladesh was a regular phenomenon. The 5th five year plan of the country (1990-1995) and perspective plan (1995-1997) contributed in reversing the situation. These plans were basically aimed at the objective of increasing the income and thereby the purchasing power of the poor people through eradication of poverty and creation of job opportunities. The approach ventilated the cattle development activities in th3 rural areas. A number of projects were initiated and implemented in the process. Cattle rearing farmers were encouraged through having the incentives from the government for maintaining cattle wealth. The goal was to create job opportunities in overall process of cattle keeping to milk yielding and transportation in one hand and on the other, gradual decrease of powder milk import and attain self sufficiency in milk production and thereby contribute in the national economy. The government for the period 2001 onward have further intensified the concern over milk production of the tune milk vita materializing the following projects through government supports and financial assistance: Condensed Milk Plant; †¢ Ultra High temperature (UHT) Treated Plants †¢ Candy and chocolate Plant; †¢ Dairy Plant †¢ A number of milk Chilling Center throughout the country; †¢ Condensed Milk Can Making Plant; †¢ Water treatment and Bottling Plant; †¢ And many others. It is to be men tioned here that the present government while in power during the period 1991-1992, approved a project titled ‘Balancing, Modernization, rehabilitation, and Expansion of the co-operative Dairy Complex’ for milk vita. Through implementation of the project, the ever-first Super Instant Powder Milk Plant of the country was established along with a modern ice cream plant. The government not only contributed in major financing to the project but also restructured the organization’s financial status by way of waiving out the accumulated interest on the previously invested money during inception of the project and transfers the capital into equity. The overall concern of the present government on dairy field is not only positive but also participative too. Dairy World Cow milk production in selected countries for 1997 was 381. 30 million tons, with a increase of 2% from the previous year, Maintaining the tendency the production in 2003 is estimated to 437. 99 million tons During the period, the significant production declines in Russia and Ukraine. But continued rapid growth was experienced in Oceania and in the United States, Brazil, Argentina, India Australia and china. Milk cow numbers continued tending downward in most countries, and now with total about 132. million heads in 1997 and maintaining the same static in average during the period 20 03. But there was significant rise per cow milk yielding. For the major dairy products, butter production at 5. 10 million tons, cheese, nonfat dairy milk, whole milk powder is 11. 80. 310 and 2. 50 tons respectively. World dairy scene interprets at the present status that most of the countries are in the planning of keeping less number of cattle with high milk yielding. It is because of the fact that gradual population growth especially in Asian nations and increased energy on cattle head management system made it costly to maintain bigger numbers of cattle. Therefore efforts are concentrated for per head milk yield. Bangladesh imports different types power milk and other milk products form the world market, the highest quantity is however the powder milk and baby foods. Butter Cheese, butter Oil and some UHT milk are also imported the developed countries. In case of present study, some countries were selected from which most of the milk and milk products are exported to Bangladesh to receive the relevant dairy data. Most of those were personally visited and also follow up and new contacts were made through internet. The data so collected has been duly tabulated and finally analyzed for the purpose of the study. To compare the situation some of the data on economic status has the impact of the factor on dairy field. Data on Global Dairy Situation Country Profile: 01 1. Area: 2. Population: 3. Per Capita GNP: (sq. km) (million) (US $) 4. World GNP Ranking: 5. Exchange Rate: 6. Inflation: Dairy Sector: 1. Total Cattle-heads: 2. Total milking Cattle: (Millions) (Millions) 3. Average milk Production per cattle (Liter/day): 4. Milk Price per liter at Growers level: 5. Processed Milk Price per liter at market level: a. UHT Pasteurized: 6. Powder Milk Price per KG: 7. Name of Some major Brands: a. Sunshine b. Dutch jug 8. Do the country exports Milk ? Yes No If yes, Please Mention: i. Quantity ii. Countries iii. There is export benefit Yes No 9. Mention some of the popular dairy products: Milk, Butter, Cheese, Yogurt,

Why are marriage rates declining Essay Example

Why are marriage rates declining Essay Introduction: For my sociology project I am going to look at marriage and find out the different reasons for its downfall over the past few years.My aim is to find out why marriage is declining.The different things I am going to look at are Divorce Rates Cohabitation Changes in womens roles; Decline in religious beliefsDivorce Rates: Divorce rates have increased over the past years. There are many reasons that people may decide to divorce. The different reasons are; Changes in the attitudes towards marriage; Legal changes; High expectations of a marriageDivorce has never been accepted in religion, but recently as it is becoming more and more popular, religious people are accepting it as a fact of life.Cohabitation: Cohabitation is when two people live together, but arent legally married. Many people cohabite as it is a sort of trial for real married life. Most cohabiting couples end up getting married. Some say that marriage is becoming less fashionable and that cohabitation is a goo d alternative.Chester argues that cohabitation is just a phase. Some cohabiting couples also have children, out side a marriage. Up to 30% of births are outside marriage.Before cohabitation was seen as a deviant thing, but as time went on it became more and more socially accepted. Many people say that there are many disadvantages to cohabitation they are: Living together before marriage increases the risk of divorce. One study found an increased risk of 46%. Living together outside marriage increases the risk of domestic violence for women and the risk of physical and sexual abuse for children. One study found that the risk of domestic violence for women in cohabiting relationships was double that in married relationships; the risk is even greater for child abuse. Unmarried couples have lower levels of happiness and well-being than married couples.Young couples prefer to cohabitate because if things dont work out they dont have to seek legal or religious permission to dissolve their union.Changes in womens roles: three quarters of divorces are started by wives, which means that women are becoming more economically independent, and they dont always rely on their spouse, as they are sometimes the breadwinners of the household. Womens expectations from the marriage are also increasing. Goode argues that historically marriage, was not based on love but was for economic support, with lower expectations regarding companionship. Nowadays marriage is expected to provide both economic support and love and care. Parsons said that women look for emotional support from their marriage, which isnt found in the broader society.As women are becoming more successful, getting married could mean the end of their careers. And many women dont want to get into a relationship/marriage if it puts a strain on their careers. Another aspect of marriage that may put women off marriage is that having children is a part of it, and some women just arent ready fro that commitment.Decline in religious beliefs: the influence of religion on people is declining, and many question the purpose of a religious ceremony to tie their marriage, when they have no belief in it. All religions say that marriage is important, many religions emphasis marriage as a key aspect of life. But as religious beliefs are going down so are the marriage rates.I believe that the two reasons that marriage rates are declining are due: Divorce Changes in womens rolesI think that many marriages are ending in divorce; one in two marriages end in divorce. Therefore not many people want to get married any more. Over the years there has been a great increase in the number of divorces. Goode argues that the change in attitudes towards divorce is part of the more general process of secularisation. Secularisation refers to the declining influence of the church and of religious belief. DIVORCE is a legal dissolution of marriage. People who divorced were seen as deviant, as it was against the norms of society, but now it has become accepted. Since 1971, marriages have fallen by one-fifth and divorces have doubled. Divorce rates increased tremendously, after the law was changed, which made it easier to obtain a divorce. The changes in the law lead up to a sudden rise in divorce. In 1969 the law changed again, this meant that a divorce could have been obtained due to Irretrievable breakdown of marriage.In Britain the divorce law has changed very slowly:; 1534- Divorce allowed only by Act of Parliament; 1837-Divorce allowed only on grounds of adultery; 1937-Divorce allowed on the grounds of adultery, desertion, cruelty and insanity; 1969-Divorce allowed on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of marriageThe different reasons suggested why people get divorced are:; They married too young; They married for the sake of the child who was on the way; They fell out of love with their partner (and in love with someone else); They just drifted apart; Mother in law got in the wayMarriage is essent ially a coming together, a sharing, a fighting of problem together, a vital communication between two people- and when this communication breakdown so does the marriage.Although many people blame the law for the increase in divorce rates, people have to remember that the law reflects the publics opinions. Divorce is more common amongst certain social classes than others. There are higher divorce rates in the working and lower -middle class. Statistics say that divorce is more common among young partners.Another reason that marriages are declining is due to the changes in womens roles in society: now that women are becoming more and more independent there is no need for them to get married. Women are becoming increasingly economically dependant. Women start off three-quarters of divorces, which may suggest that they dont rely on their partners for financial support any more.There are many different types of ways to collect information. To find out information for the whole of Britain a sociologist would take a small sample of people who could represent the whole of Britain. A sample of people is to make a general statement for a wide number of people in sampling a small representative group of people are selected from the population.Primary DataPrimary data is information that is done by the researchers. The main way in which sociologists may do this is by: Questionnaires Interviews (formal/informal) ObservationQuestionnairesQuestionnaires are sets of questions, which the sociologists hands out to their sample of people. There are two different types of questions that can either have open or closed answers. Open-ended questions are questions where the person filling out the questionnaire writes down their own answer. Closed-ended questions are where the person ticks the appropriate box.The advantages of questionnaires are that they are fairly quick to do, they can be posted to a wide number of people, and people are more likely to answer any embarrassing questi ons. It is also easier to analyse the questionnaires once they have been filled out.The disadvantages are that they can not be used for complicated issues, the researcher can not be sure who has filled out the questionnaire, they can not be sure whether or not the person has filled out the questionnaire honestly, and many people can not be bothered to give the questionnaire back to the researcher. Most of the questions in my questionnaire are closed ended questions where the respondent can chose from a list of possible answers.InterviewsInterviews can be structured or unstructured.Structured interview- a structured interview is when all the questions you want to ask the person you are interviewing are written down, and you being the interviewer follow the questions. A structured interview is good for simple issues.Unstructured interview- this is when the interviewer, asks questions which then lead onto other topics. This form of interviewing is more like a conversation with the per son. Unstructured interviews are good for in-depth subjects.The advantages of a interview is that they can be used with complex issues, people are more likely to respond to your question.The disadvantages are that the interviewer may influence, the reply the respondent, this is called Interviewer bias.For my research I used structured interviews, this was so that detailed answers could be given.Secondary DataThis is useful information that is gathered by another researcher. This data may come from: Mass Media Official Statistics Historical Documents Expressive documentsMass MediaThis data can be very useful, the researcher does a content analysis on anything that is relevant to their topic. This can be adverts, newspapers, magazines etc.For my research I am going to use questionnaires, I have chosen questionnaires as they can be handed out to a wide number of people and I can get a wide sample. From these questionnaires I can also draw graphs related to my evidence. In my questionna ire I have mainly used closed questions, but I have also added in some open-ended questions, so that the people who fill the out can add in their personal views.Instead of using questionnaires I could have just used interviews, as marriage and divorce are very delicate subjects. I decided to use both, as it is easier for me to analyse the data. From analysing the data I can then draw up graphs to present the information I found out.For my research I am going to use questionnaires and interviews.I decided to use a questionnaire as I can look at a wider sample of people. My sample is 35 people; I gave my questionnaires out to both males and females so that I could get a view of all sexes. I gave my questionnaire out to a wide range of different age groups e.g. teachers, (25-40) and pupils (12-18). I also did 5 interviews with married people and questioned them on their views on divorce and cohabitation. My interview was a structured interview; so that I can the person I interviewed ca n answer the questions that are relevant to my course work, instead of them going to into conversations, which are not relevant to my coursework. With my questionnaire I did a pilot study on a small sample of people, to see if any changes need to take place.After handing out my pilot questionnaire I decided that the following changes needed to be made: The questions needed to be lettered That one of the questions needed to re-worded. From doing a pilot study I could alter my questionnaire making it easier to understand. Some of the problems my questionnaire faced was that not everyone answered all of my questions others did not return the questionnaire.A part from doing questionnaires and interviews I am going to be using magazines and newspapers to find facts about divorce and marriage rates. All of the articles that I find will be secondary data. This data can be useful to find out statistics about divorce rates and marriage as a whole.Data found from a magazine or newspapers can be biased as it may have been written to prove a point to people. The data can also go out of date very quickly making it less reliable.For my interview I am going to ask the following questions to my interviewee. Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? Do you think that cohabitation is better than getting married? And why? What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are?I am going to ask the above questions to married people so that I can get their views on the topic.The first person that I interviewed was my Tony Williams- my next-door neighbour. Age 47. Tony was married for 13 tears, and then he had a divorce. He is now cohabiting with his new partner. Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I think that women enjoy going to work. It is a break from the typical role of the women. I dont really think that women rather get a career than get married. I think that women would like to get married and have a career.; His views on cohabitation were: I think that cohabitation is better than being married, when being married there are many different issues that crop up that you dont really know how to handle. All of these problems have a bad affect on the marriage. There is less stress in this relationship than in a marriage.; What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that divorce rates are increasing as couples rely on each other too much. Another reason is that women dont like to be in relationships were the household chores are not divided equally. It can also be because people change and grow apart.My second interview was with my Dad- Ramesh Age -43; Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I think that women are choosing careers instead of marriage, as before women used to get married so that they could get financial support. But now that women are successful many dont feel the need to get married.; Do you think that cohabitation is better than getting married? And why? I think that cohabitation is not a good as marriage. With a marriage there are many advantages such as the support you get from one another, although cohabitating couples do support one another I feel that within a marriage there is more security; What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that the main reasons for divorce is that when people get married they may not be aware of all of the responsibilities that come along with it. Some people may also change e.g. if someone has been married for 15years their partner may have changed and they end up growing apart. My third interview was with my Aunty Tara Kapadia; Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I think that women are choosing their careers because there are more jobs available to women now. Women re also becoming very successful in the work place. Some women rat her wait until they have a good job and then they get married- which maybe at an older age.; Do you think that cohabitation is better than getting married? And why?I dont think that cohabitation is better than marriage; I think that when couples cohabitate they are giving themselves time to get to know each other. I also think that in the end most cohabiting couples do get married What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that the main reason for increasing divorce rates is that couples arent willing to give it another chance. Because it is easy to get a divorce people see it as a an easy way out.My fourth interview was 28-year-old Hema Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I think that the main reason that women are choosing their careers before their marriage is because they are afraid that they wont be able to go back to work again. They may be scared that when they become mothers that their whole life will change, and if they are successful at work they may feel that the marriage may put a strain on their work life. Do you think that cohabitation is better than getting married? And why? I think that cohabitation is good, as it gives the couple a good chance to find out what their partner is really like. It is a really good taste of married life. What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that one of the main reasons that divorce is increasing is because women have high expectations of the marriage. Also there may be very little equality within the marriage.My fifth interview was with Dr Hamid Why do you think that women are choosing their careers instead of getting married? I dont think that women are choosing their careers before their marriage. I think that all women fell it is important to have both a career and a family. A career wont fully satisfies a person, it is important that they also have a good family life Do you think that cohabitati on is better than getting married? And why? I dont think that marriage is better than getting married. I think that people that cohabitate are just going through a phase. I think that cohabitating couples want to have children that is important that they get married What do you think the main reason for increasing divorce rates are? I think that one of the main reasons for divorce is a lack of communication. People dont say whats on their mind and so arguments are more likely to occur.From these interviews most of the people felt that cohabitation was just a temporary phase. Many of the women that I interviewed said that both a career and marriage is important. Although more women feel that it is better that they get married after they have a good stable job. In these interviews many different reasons were given for the rise in divorce rates. I think that the main reason the interviewees felt was for the rise in divorce was the lack of communication and that couples dont discuss an y problems they may have. Most of the reasons given for the increase in divorce rates were reasons that were proven correct by many sociologists.I think that the interviews went well, although I should have done interviews with an equal amount of women and men-, which means that some of the data I collected, could be biased in some way, as I interviewed 3 women and 2 men.Compared to questionnaires interviews are a lot better, they allow the researcher to get in-depth answers to questions. Whereas questionnaires, are mainly yes or no answers and are fairly simple to answer.Over my questionnaire went well. Although I did not get all of my questionnaires back, there was still enough information to draw a conclusion from.Most of the people I handed the questionnaire out to, understood the questions and answered them in a sensible way.From my results I can say that one of the main reasons for the increase in divorce rates is that Divorce is becoming easier legally 43%. Another reason tha t people thought is the cause is that people have high expectations of a marriage 30%.For next question 39% said that cohabitation is more popular than marriage.Also 36% said that most cohabiting couples get married.26% said that successful women are less likely to get married.I also noticed that for the question * instead of marriage couples cohabitate, why do you think this is? Most people said that many people feel that they dont need to get married to prove their love. Others said that people dont like to rush into things and prefer to take things slowly.I also noticed that in a few of my questions half of my sample agreed with the point and half disagreed. The three questions in which this happened was why do you think divorce rates are increasing? People are getting married at a young age? Should cohabiting couples have children? And finally in do you think that only religious people get married? I think that this shows that people werent entirely sure on their views on this point.Although these results arent that accurate as they are just views of a small sample of people, they do prove my hypothesis to be correct.MARRIAGE CAN WAIT- DAILY MAIL 20/07/01This article proves many of the sociologists reasons for the decrease in marriage correct. It also mentions that cohabitation is more popular than marriage. Being a newspaper article some of the data being used could have gone out of date quickly, and the information given could be biased as the newspaper could be writing the article to prove a point.Newspapers are a good source to use for the basic statistics; they give figures and facts to prove their point.IS MARRIAGE OUT OF DATE? SOCIAL TRENDS 25In the article that I found in a book, it states some of the reasons to why people dont want to get married at a young age anymore. E.g. it is out of date also in one of the tables it says that from 1971 to 1989 cohabitation rose from 7% to 48% this data found is extremely out of date which means that it is not reliable.Sociologists have found these things to be true. Chester said that cohabitation is becoming more popular but it is only a temporary phase. The articles that I found were fairly interesting and they do prove most of my hypothesis correct.I also found out that divorce is not the only reason that marriage rates are falling it is also due to peoples attitudes about marriage.WHY WERE NOT GETTING MARRIED ANY MOREE.g. in one of the articles that I found it said that they dont need a piece of paper to declare their love. The divorce rates do discourage people from getting married. In the article Why were not getting married any more it says that marriage doesnt keep people together look at the divorce rate in the newspaper article marriage can wait daily mail it also says that women are putting their careers before marriage- which is another reason sociologists give for the decrease of marriage rates. This article also proves that the changing role of the women has an affect on marriage rates. It also states that women are getting married but at a later age.To gain information on marriage and divorce rates I have also used Official statistics, this is information, which is produced by the government. Secondary data is not that important to sociologists but they use it to prove their theory right, or they use to secondary source of information and prove it to be wrong by doing their own research.From doing this piece of research on marriage and the different reasons that marriage rates are going down I conclude that, although marriage rates are going down cohabitation is becoming more popular. I can also conclude that some women do put their careers before their marriage-, which means that they are just getting married at an older age compared to a few years ago.Cohabitating is now seen as a good alternative to married life. Many people now prefer to cohabitate as they see it as a stress free relationship. Many people dont see the point in getting marri ed, after looking at the divorce rates in Briton they dont see the point in getting married any more if 1 in 10 marriages end in divorce. As through the law has become easier the number of divorces has dramatically increased. People can get divorced on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown on the marriage.Over the years womens roles have also changed and they are now just as successful as men. Women have become very successful in the work place meaning that many women are getting married at an older age. Many women dont want to get married, as they may become pregnant and then they may have to quit their jobs to look after the children.After giving out my questionnaire I came to the conclusion that religion has very little to do with marriage.In my hypothesis I stated that the main reasons that marriage rates are declining are Divorce Changes in womens rolesI think that after doing my questionnaire and interviews many people thought that these where the main causes of declining mar riage rates. Another reason that people thought affected marriage rates was cohabitation, people felt that more people were cohabiting than actually getting married as they felt cohabitation suited their life style more than marriage.After doing some research I came to the conclusion that marriage rates arent going down its just that people are waiting longer to get married compared to 10 years ago. I think that nowadays women like to have a good stable career before they get married. Robert Chester argues Mainly we seem to be witnessing a delay in the timing of marriage.Chester also says most people that cohabit get married eventually this statement was proven correct in my results were 36% said that most cohabiting couples do get married in the end. After doing some research I feel that religion has very little to do with marriage rates and divorce rates. Even though in my questionnaire 37% said that most people that divorce are non-religious.After doing my questionnaire I realise d that different people have different vies on marriage, divorce and cohabitation. I also think that although religion has an indirect affect on a persons view of things like marriage and divorce- it doesnt have a direct influence on their views.After doing all of my primary and secondary research I feel that my hypothesis has been proven correct.As a whole I feel that my course work went fairly well. Although some of the questionnaires werent returned, there was still a high response rate.I also think that my secondary research went well, there was a lot on marriage, divorce and cohabitation in sociological books and on the Internet. I also found some of my information from newspapers. With my interviews I would have liked to do an equal number of interviews with males and females, I could have also interviewed people from different ethnic backgrounds. But with the time I had available five interviews was all that I could have done. But I feel that the interviews that I did do went excellently.If I had more time I think that I would expand my research- I could do marriage rates within different ethnicities, or I could have done the divorce rates of different ethnic people.I think that by doing a pilot study questionnaire really helped as I could improve it. After doing the pilot study I changed my questionnaire so that I was more understandable. One of the changes that I made was that I numbered and lettered my questions, making it easier to fill out.

Pasadena High Essay

Pasadena High Essay Pasadena High Essay Human life cannot be measured by how long one lives or the quality of life one led. Humanities legacy is assessed by ones moral, cultural, and spiritual beliefs. To the study of cultures society can investigate the myriad ways of being brought into Essence by human mind. By examining endangered cultures, society is able to observe individual belief, progress, corruption, political dominance, and even the effects of global globalization. In the end society is trying to gauge the morals of working towards the greater good dinner and that is done through answering the old question, what is one life worth? Now the debate at hand is what is one life worth? To truly understand this question every human needs to look at their own beliefs and determine if man was born with natural born rights. Instead of working towards an unbiased humanity where cultural diversity is present, humanity should be working towards progressing in the field of cultural tolerance. The way this can be accomplished is through education. Teaching humans the ways of others demonstrates similarities of mankind which humanity as a whole tends to overlook. As humans we all share the same cognitive abilities so it is no surprise that we all dance, sing, and express ourselves. It is the rhythm of the dance, and the tune of the song that set cultures apart. Until people learn that there is absolutely no right way of living there will always be corruption. But through universal education, humans can

Foundations of a common European home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Considering the international law and practice on treaties, answer the following question - Essay Example According to International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, migrant workers and their family members are free to depart any nation including their home nation. The aforesaid right is not subject to any restrictions otherwise in certain instances such as in the case of national security, public health and other justifiable grounds. The article 9 of the convention also affirms the right of migrant workers and their families to be protected by law and further the article 10 of the convention makes it apparent that no migrants and their families shall be subject to torture or treated inhumanly or cruelly. In addition to this, the article 11 of the convention also advocates that no migrants or their family members can be held on slavery. Moreover, the article 11 of the convention also puts restriction on performing forced and compulsory works by migrants and their family members (United Nations, 2008). Furthermore, the convention firmly states that family members of the migrant shall be treated with humanity and dignity (International Organisation for Migration, 2008). However, abiding by the obligation of article 11 of the convention, Acastus does not make it compulsory for migrant workers to work for 1000 hours for community services. In this context, it can be viewed that Acastus does not directly compel migrant workers to work 1000 hours but non-compliance shall result in non-renewal of leaves which shall ultimately force them to work 1000 hours for community service or leave Acastus. Thus, Acastus has adopted a policy that would not violate the obligations of the convention while on the other side it would make migrant workers to work for 1000 hours without violating obligations of the convention. As a consequences of the anti-immigration law enforced by Acastus, its neighbouring country Radius also adopted similar statute relating

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Causes And Effects Of Brain Drain In Economics

Causes And Effects Of Brain Drain In Economics Introduction: According to a definition, Brain Drain, academically also known as the human capital flight is the large scale migration of highly educated, skilled and talented people of less economically advanced countries to highly rich and developed countries of the world due to conflicted issues, political instability and lack of opportunities in the developing countries. Globally, relocation of intellectuals is as old as mankind. This terminology of Brain Drain originated in 1960, when most of the intellectuals like scientists and engineers who were the real assets or the future of any country, emigrated from United Kingdom to America. The unsolved issue of Brain Drain is happening all over the world for the sake of better working conditions including, the island nations of the Caribbean, the anterior colonies of Africa and mostly in federal economies like the Soviet Union previous Eastern Germany, where aptitudes were not monetarily salaried. This phenomena was not as severe till 1960s but with the huge capacity lopsidedly migrate to West Germany and North America from less developed regions. Substantial exoduses of skilled people were apparent at altered epochs of the economic growth of the countries of Europe and North America. However, with the progress in science and technological fields, only the intellectuals and highly qualified brains was of extraordinary mandate in highly developed countries. With the deficit in the core stream, the developed countries had to be dependent on the LDCs. Professionals migrated from developing countries to three Developing countries (USA, Canada and United Kingdom) in 1960s and by 1970s, the figure had mounted. If one were to investigate statistics of all Developed Countries, the records would be alarming. This drift has continued in Africa and loss of huge qualified manpower is happen immigrations to Europe and North America annually. The questions that is arise in the social, political, economic, academic and probably in every sector of developing world. According to question the phenomena happened there are countless questions, bu t I want to explain the main attractions towards the developed world and why do talented and outstanding brains leave their countries? What are the costs of such migrations paid by developing countries? What policies can be implemented to stem such movements from LDCs to DCs? The goal of this paper is to highlight the unsolved, conflicted issue of Brain Drain and the Scientific Diaspora and the cause and effect relationship in the global knowledge based societies and also to address the cancerous disease directing the developing countries to failure. I will highlight some major questions, giving some suggestions which help to make policies to fade the disparities and the exploitation of skilled and semi-skilled labour in the developed world who themselves benefited to create the legislative crime of Brain drain and to hijack the rights of Cos in the shape of Scientific diaspora communities. How and when Brain Drain happens and intensifies Since the beginning of 1960s, the phenomena of brain drain became a highlighted and critical issue. With the neo-liberal economy and the tsunami wave of globalization has given a golden chance to the opportunists and played a vital role towards better and quality life including all accessories in every sphere of life. Globalization has opened a window for the human capital to agglomerate and mobilize where the brain extract and yet best recognized and rewarded in the highly economically strong and advanced countries. To oppose the nation-state ideology by the global village, selective immigration policies in several OECD countries has gradually introduced, strengthened and became a selection centers to sort out the best minds to develop the innovative way of thoughts and utilization for the betterment of developed world, i.e. very alarming for LDCs. as human capital of a nation being the assets planned to be theft through legislative terms and conditions. The cost being paid by the LDCs left back in the race of progress and development. Aftermath of colonialism, such types of drains has happened between the LDCs and DCs. Australia and Canada in 1980s has emerged the international competition in all over the world to attract the highly skilled, and educated brains to catalyze the attraction and boost the greed of inferiority complex of developing areas to realize the complex of have not and to advertise the opportunities secured, healthy and peaceful societies like heaven at earth. The age of discovery, progress and the indicators of globalization, increased rate of import and export in the neo-liberal economy has multiplied during the last three decades. The result of the huge migration, rates to be much higher for great intellectuals. United Nation has supervised and produced countless research to find out the total capacity of brain drain in every region of the world including Sub Saharan countries, New Zealand, even the extraction from the semi-peripheral countries to the peripheral countries. Scientific Diaspora has been represented by the highly intellectuals enormous potential like the IT professionals, Engineers, Physicians Scientists, and the human capital flight of new post graduate students. Unfortunately the COs (country of origin) has been losing the patriotic , ethical , moral emotions because they are suffering with the pragmatic materialist thought and the lust of opportunities darken the future of developing world. To fulfil the interest of economically advanced countries and global knowledge based societies are struggling for the human capital. It is as natural as the nature of human being and as powerful as constructed politically to keep the self-interest. There is a lack of policy making in the academic world and on the governmental level in the developing world. Some main types of Brain drain are Brain Gain, Brain circulation, Brain waste etc. Causes of Increased Brain Drain in developing countries There are many factors which cause brain drain from the less developing countries to the highly developed countries. The regional, national and global flow of migrates are increasing every second. There are two main factors due to which people move from one place to another place. There are some major routes of human migration before 1950s but highlighted in 60s. The reasons can be different region to region; i.e. satisfactory facilities of goods and services, the reconnection of diverse cultural groups, in the time of conflict and war, political instability, health risks and the lack of opportunities. The mobility of intellectuals and skilled personnel or emigrants from the country of origin referred to as the PUSH FACTORS of their capital flight. And there are many parallel and inverse reasons for the immigrants called PULL FACTORS to attract towards host countries. Theoretical framework Brain drain is studied under the theoretical frame of migration theories under the two main factors as discussed below: Push factors: There are certain push factors causing brain drain, to leave the less developed country to developed countries as listed below: Substandard living conditions, dearth of conveyance, accommodation Under-utilization of skilled and semi- skilled personnel; lack of adequate working conditions; low panorama of specialized development Low and corroding wages Discrimination in recruitments and promotions Social unrest, Political instability, conflicts and wars Lack of research facilities, including support staff; meagreness of research funds, lack of professional apparatus and tools Lack of freedom and autonomy Deteriorating excellence of educational system, Why Academic intellectuals leave their Country of Origin: Challenging socio-economic conditions (poverty, unemployment, epidemics diseases, increased rate of crime, corruption, etc.) Poor libraries, ICT apparatus for research Lack of autonomy academic freedom to create literature at universities Political instability and harassment, human rights manipulations, wars Lack of pure democracy Deprived payments for intellectuals and skilled personnel Lack of self-determination and social equivalence Lack of quality education for children Lack of career opportunities Lack of entrepreneurial investments Why Students go abroad: Poor worth of national education from the Montessori level to post graduation level Unavailability of scholarships or financial assistance for the brilliant Miserable infrastructure of schools, colleges and universities Limited opportunities for higher studies students As a decided step towards emigration, they suffered with inferiority complex, due to all the above reasons and many more pushing factors resulted to leave their point of origin. Why Students Do Not Return: Limited employment opportunities restrict to come back in the homeland especially at PhD level, Course or research work not relevant to home countrys state of affairs convenience of grants for further exploration living conditions, insufficient earning and job satisfaction in developed world Need to send money home and support the family Getting married to a host countrys citizen to get the citizenship Although, they suffered with many crisis as alienated in the host country including the identity crisis, diaspora and make up their own imagined communities to prevent themselves with the socio-political and religious disparities. Pull Factors Similarly, numerous attractive pull factors at the destination states permitting the brain drain to occur at a higher leap: Sophisticated standard of living Employment opportunity greater income and Higher wages Extensive resources for research, unconventional and advanced technology, modern facilities of laboratory equipment; availability of experienced support workforce Healthier working conditions; employment and occupation opportunities with the proficient development Modern educational schemes; prestige of foreign training Political stability foreigner secured policies Meritocracy, transparency Scholarly Intellectual autonomy Appreciation rewards on governmental level Effects of Brain Drain in Developing Countries Aftermaths of Brain Drain in Exaggerated Regions of the globalized world: Negative effects: The phenomena of brain drain has left harmful effects in the region of poor countries like Africa, because of their great hope, talents and skills have immigrated to the richer countries. As seen pragmatically, develop and rich countries become richer and more developed and poor and developing countries become poorest and failure states. Consequently, some of the outcomes have produced the poorer rates of growth and development, highly unstable politically some are in the condition of cold war like Pakistan ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦..fewer productive educational funds, and worse health care system and Loss of potential modernizers who might have paved the way to rejuvenation and up gradation through their advanced and creative abilities. Doctors, Engineers, scientists students leave for the industrialized world Africa loses the best brains it needs for its trade and industrial development African recruitment of thousands of expatriates from the industrialized West at a cost of billions every year increased deterioration of higher schooling Universities have to be close, extension of higher education not possible Poor people seriously affected by the epidemic, infectious diseases Universities unable to run and achieving Development Goals In the global knowledge economy, Africa becoming sidelined Due to the pitiable environment, Lack of skilled people. Crumbling poor middle class political instability religious persecution Corruption of income tax equal to less basic goods and services Economic instability leads to increased rate of unemployment and inflation Lack of industrial growth innovation. Positive Effects The brain drain may cause numerous positive effects for source countries. It is well documented that remittances of employees played a significant support to GNP of a country and are a viable spring of income in several developing countries. Remittances and transmittals intrude on family decisions in terms of professional choice, labor supply, education, investment migration, and fertility, with hypothetically essential aggregated special effects. Especially in the case of poor countries, where market inadequacies available to members of low-income classes reduce the set of possibilities. Brain Circulation equalizes Brain Drain Transnational corporation and increase in Foreign Direct Investment When possibility of migration is real. level of education in sending countries rises Amalgamation in global economies Incentives, law and policy making The irony of international migration today is that many of the people who migrate legally from poor to richer lands are the very ones that Third World countries can least afford to lose: the highly educated and skilled. Since the great majority of these migrants move on a permanent basis, this perverse brain drain not only represents a loss of valuable human resources but could prove to be a serious constraint on the future economic progress of Third World nations (Todaro, 7th Edition, 2001). Convention signed by the organization of economic corporation and development (OECD) among twenty countries in 1960s create a keen competition among all member countries to fascinate human possessions, they lack and to preserve those who might emigrate. Various countries edited their legislation and step forward for numerous amendments to legalize the foreigner qualified brains and somehow to cheap their labour in the developed world. The policy or the legislation to work allowed but not giving them the full work visas compelling to do illegal work on cheap labour benefited the state capital and a legal system of exploitation is running to pressurize the foreign labour to do work illegally for their survival in the most metropolitan areas of the world Most countries announced more flexibility in labour migration policies, while some propelled the definite recruitment packages to meet labour dearth. In France, UK, Denmark and some other countries, labour visas criteria has been tranquil including skilled, qualified people in the profession of bio-medicine, education and health care type of main occupations. Various types of labour visas and quota in different countries of the developed world are much confine with the immigration policies for the highly qualified and skilled like Scholarships, grants, loans etc. in the last decade, brain drain of human capital has increased forty percent in Japan and more than ten percent in Korea. New Zealand, Canada and Australia are the main flexible host countries laws making, and legislative attraction and relaxation to get the more and more brain gain, drain and circulation from the developing countries. The drastic ratio of emigration has been increased in every figure of peripheral countries under the legislative authority. Conclusion Recommendations for the developing countries: How the future of developing countries can preserve and what should be the recommendation? Establish recorded database of skilled, intellectual, students and specialists on the time of departure from LDCs. Reformation of the national education system and the infrastructure of schools, colleges and universities. High budget allocated for the higher education and use of funds purely for the education projects. Sufficient facilities for research projects in universities and establish the research cells. Encourage the distant learning and education for all. Pure democracy, encourage human rights and enforce the legislation, strictly keep an eye on the law and order situation to stable and regulate the factors like corruption, crime etc. On governmental level, the allocation of budgets to the science and technology organizations and from the health sector to control the infectious diseases. Introduce new policies and laws to reduce the conflict and war at the national and international level. Role of government should be the key role to avoid the issue of human capital flight. Government should spend heavy fund for the infrastructure, avoid load shedding like issues and provide the demanded power supply and drinking water and the efficient communication. Facilitate the education system through training, research, and education Government should advertised job opportunities on merit provide specific allowance and salary for the scientists, engineers, doctors and highly intellectuals State should reduce the rooted conflict to maintain peace Democratic governance is the best solution for the cancerous problem of brain drain. Engage the LDCs best organizations with DCs and encourage the collective training and work with DCs as partners If west needs some research they should request on the governmental level for research How western countries can help to reduce brain drain? Ensure through incentives and immigration policies, intellectual return back to their resource countries discourage labor recruitment through academics and qualified personals Discourage full time attendance for the foreigner graduate students Consideration of joint degrees with developing world universities Encourage riven PHDs instead of 100% attendance Support university association to progress LDCs (curriculum, quality and methodology of research) Collaboration through appropriate university association for e.g. (HEC, AAU, ACU, AUF IAN)